Mr Q is a 50 year old carpenter who needs to maintain a lunge position while he lays floorboards. Recently, he has noticed that he is having trouble maintaining this position with his right leg forward for the duration that he needs for his work (5 minutes at a time). He has no injuries or medical history that would limit his ability to participate in a training program.  

a) You decide to establish a baseline for Mr Q’s current ability to maintain a squat. Nominate the test procedure you would use. Justify the selection of that test procedure. Nominate the parameter of physical capacity being assessed and, the outcome measure for the test and how you would use that outcome measure.

b) You decide to give Mr Q three (3) exercises to improve his ability to lunge. Briefly describe the exercises that you have chosen and state your selection of exercise variables (e.g. frequency, intensity, time [sets, repetitions], type).

Your parents have probably advised you to eat your meals slowly, and chew your food well before swallowing. You always thought they said this out of love for you, but in reality they were just trying to reduce the food bill! Based on your understanding of the negative feedback mechanism, explain why this approach is better at reducing hunger (and thus reducing food intake) than gulping the meal quickly. Your aunt has told you that you should eat meals every 3 hours, with small protein-rich snacks in between, so that you are never hungry. In terms of food processing efficiency (energy gained from food divided by energy spent on digestion and absorption) is this a good strategy? Explain, keeping in mind how quickly/slowly food is processed in GI tract.

MrT is a 30year old carpenter who has recently recovered from a right shoulder injury. As part of his job, he has to lift heavy building materials overhead and work with his arm held at shoulder height for prolonged periods of time. He now reports difficulty with both of those tasks. He is otherwise healthy and has no other injuries that limit participation in an exercise program. He has come to see you for an exercise program that will permit him to get back to his previous level of function.

1)What parameters of physical capacity do you think need to be improved as part of his program? Name them and justify your response.(3marks)

2)You would like to get an initial outcome measure forMr T’s upper limb muscle endurance. Describe (1) test you would perform and briefly justify your selection.

3)Based on a possible result of your assessment from Question 2, list one (1) short term goal that you could set with Mr T. (1 mark)

4)You decide to give Mr T two (2) exercises that aim to improve his ability to lift heavy building materials overhead. Briefly describe the exercises that you have chosen, list all exercise variables(sets, repetitions, frequency, and amount of resistance) and justify your selections.

you decide to do something about the problem underlying the current epidemic of obesity and diabetes. You design a drug that protects your organism from the toxic effects of fructose. Assuming your drug interferes with each of three processes: digestion, absorption and assimilation (metabolism), explain what fructose-specific mechanisms are inhibited/altered. Make sure your wonder-drug does NOT block uptake of glucose by cells

Imagine that you place your left hand in cool water (10°C) and your right hand in warm water (40°C) for ten minutes. After a few minutes, you stop noticing that your hands are at different temperatures. Explain this phenomenon, using your knowledge of sensory neuron function. After ten minutes, both your hands are immersed in water at 50°C – and you scream in pain! This temperature now seems scalding hot to your left hand, but not your right hand. Why?

Cardiac muscle is unique in terms of the number and type of cell-to-cell adhesion structures. Describe at least

two, providing a link between the adhesion structures and the resulting functions of cardiac cells.

As a healthy volunteer, you have just signed up for a study of blood glucose level [Glu]. You are to monitor your [Glu] every two hours during day and night. Draw a diagram which shows how [Glu] varies over a day-night cycle (0000-2400 hours. On the same diagram, indicate the timing of your meals. On a separate y-axis (but synchronous x-axis), indicate your expected plasma [insulin] and [glucagon]. Most diabetics rely on subcutaneous administration of insulin to control their plasma [Glu] levels. Why can’t they just ingest an insulin “pill” with their meal?

Many humans claim to have a “sweet tooth”. Yet, excess sugar is bad for our health. Presumably, our craving for sweet food substrates has an evolutionary basis – it probably directed human ancestors to forage for fruit, not candy. What nutritional benefits (name at least three) do we get from fresh fruit? Why is the amount of sugar contained in a few pieces of fruit not bad for us? Given that most of the fruit matter (cell wall) is indigestible to us, what is the reason for ingesting cellulose?

Heart murmurs caused by a stenotic mitral valve ______?.

are heard as a high pitched click when the valve should be—but is not—wide open during systole.

are detected due to the turbulent blood flow that occurs as blood backflows into the left atrium

are detected if the valve's cusps are thin and flexible

All of the listed responses are true.

Consider a hypothetical cell whose plasma membrane is impermeant to everything. The membrane is studded with channel proteins for Ca2+, but these channels are initially closed. The concentration of Ca2+ outside the cell is 100 mM and the concentration of Ca2+ inside the cell is 1 mM. Initally, the membrane potential is 0 mV.

After a while, the net flow of Ca2+ ceases because dynamic equilibrium has been reached. What is the membrane potential of the cell when it reaches dynamic equilibrium? Show how you arrived at this answer.

What are the major parts of the pituitary gland? How do they differ in how hormones are manufactured? List all major hormones produced by each pituitary gland and their target organ(s) and/or tissue(s).

In the year 4525, humans have evolved to live underwater. One of the evolved adaptations for underwater life is the secretion of a new protein, aquaslickin, from epithelial cells in the skin, which provides a slick coating over the body to help glide through the water. List the steps that lead up to the secretion of aquaslickin in epithelial cells, starting with the transcription of the gene for aquaslickin into mRNA in the nucleus, and ending with the exocytosis of secretory vesicles containing aquaslickin.

A hpothetical organ has following functional requirement. 1. the ability to resist surface abrasion and mechanical stressws; 2. ability to contract involuntarily when stimulated by cells of the nervous system, and 3. the ability to resist tensiin in many different planes of force. the organ needs one tissue to carry out each of these requirements, and it is also needs one tissue to "glue" all other tissues together, and one tissue to stimulate the contracting cells. what are the five tissues that will make up this hypothetical organ? Explain your choices.

Select whether each carbohydrate is a monosaccharide, disaccharide, or polysaccharide.

A chocolate bar is an example of a (simple or complex carbohydrate) that will (increase blood sugar levels quickly/ increase blood sugar levels slowly) because it is comprised of (monosaccharides / polysaccharides).

Uncle Bens is an example of a (simple or complex carbohydrate) that will (increase blood sugar levels quickly/ increase blood sugar levels slowly) because it is comprised of (monosaccharides / polysaccharides).

Dietary fiber is also an important consideration when discussing the impact of carbohydrate sources on blood sugar levels. In this example, a candy bar is a (good or poor source) of fiber and whole-grain pasta or rice is a (good or pour source) of fiber.

Diabetes mellitus is characterized by too much glucose buildup in the blood. In (type 1 / type 2) diabetes, this is because the target cells of the body become resistant to the effects of (insulin / glucagon); in later stages of this type of diabetes, the pancreas begins to fail as well. In (type 1 / type 2) diabetes, this is because there are a decreased number of (alpha / beta) cells available to secrete insulin; this results in an insufficient amount of insulin to meet the demands of the body.

Now, choose the individual who would most likely need insulin injections:

a. a 10-year old child with type 1 diabetes

b. a 65-year old morbidly obese man who has just been diagnosed with type 2 diabetes

c. a 40-year old runner with arthritis

d. an overweight teenager whose grandfather has diabetes

The essence of our human nature is:

Happiness

The Will To Life

Pain and distress

Love and Kindness

The Will To Kill