As a healthy volunteer, you have just signed up for a study of blood glucose level [Glu]. You are to monitor your [Glu] every two hours during day and night. Draw a diagram which shows how [Glu] varies over a day-night cycle (0000-2400 hours. On the same diagram, indicate the timing of your meals. On a separate y-axis (but synchronous x-axis), indicate your expected plasma [insulin] and [glucagon]. Most diabetics rely on subcutaneous administration of insulin to control their plasma [Glu] levels. Why can’t they just ingest an insulin “pill” with their meal?

Many humans claim to have a “sweet tooth”. Yet, excess sugar is bad for our health. Presumably, our craving for sweet food substrates has an evolutionary basis – it probably directed human ancestors to forage for fruit, not candy. What nutritional benefits (name at least three) do we get from fresh fruit? Why is the amount of sugar contained in a few pieces of fruit not bad for us? Given that most of the fruit matter (cell wall) is indigestible to us, what is the reason for ingesting cellulose?

Heart murmurs caused by a stenotic mitral valve ______?.

are heard as a high pitched click when the valve should be—but is not—wide open during systole.

are detected due to the turbulent blood flow that occurs as blood backflows into the left atrium

are detected if the valve's cusps are thin and flexible

All of the listed responses are true.

Consider a hypothetical cell whose plasma membrane is impermeant to everything. The membrane is studded with channel proteins for Ca2+, but these channels are initially closed. The concentration of Ca2+ outside the cell is 100 mM and the concentration of Ca2+ inside the cell is 1 mM. Initally, the membrane potential is 0 mV.

After a while, the net flow of Ca2+ ceases because dynamic equilibrium has been reached. What is the membrane potential of the cell when it reaches dynamic equilibrium? Show how you arrived at this answer.

What are the major parts of the pituitary gland? How do they differ in how hormones are manufactured? List all major hormones produced by each pituitary gland and their target organ(s) and/or tissue(s).

In the year 4525, humans have evolved to live underwater. One of the evolved adaptations for underwater life is the secretion of a new protein, aquaslickin, from epithelial cells in the skin, which provides a slick coating over the body to help glide through the water. List the steps that lead up to the secretion of aquaslickin in epithelial cells, starting with the transcription of the gene for aquaslickin into mRNA in the nucleus, and ending with the exocytosis of secretory vesicles containing aquaslickin.

A hpothetical organ has following functional requirement. 1. the ability to resist surface abrasion and mechanical stressws; 2. ability to contract involuntarily when stimulated by cells of the nervous system, and 3. the ability to resist tensiin in many different planes of force. the organ needs one tissue to carry out each of these requirements, and it is also needs one tissue to "glue" all other tissues together, and one tissue to stimulate the contracting cells. what are the five tissues that will make up this hypothetical organ? Explain your choices.

Select whether each carbohydrate is a monosaccharide, disaccharide, or polysaccharide.

A chocolate bar is an example of a (simple or complex carbohydrate) that will (increase blood sugar levels quickly/ increase blood sugar levels slowly) because it is comprised of (monosaccharides / polysaccharides).

Uncle Bens is an example of a (simple or complex carbohydrate) that will (increase blood sugar levels quickly/ increase blood sugar levels slowly) because it is comprised of (monosaccharides / polysaccharides).

Dietary fiber is also an important consideration when discussing the impact of carbohydrate sources on blood sugar levels. In this example, a candy bar is a (good or poor source) of fiber and whole-grain pasta or rice is a (good or pour source) of fiber.

Diabetes mellitus is characterized by too much glucose buildup in the blood. In (type 1 / type 2) diabetes, this is because the target cells of the body become resistant to the effects of (insulin / glucagon); in later stages of this type of diabetes, the pancreas begins to fail as well. In (type 1 / type 2) diabetes, this is because there are a decreased number of (alpha / beta) cells available to secrete insulin; this results in an insufficient amount of insulin to meet the demands of the body.

Now, choose the individual who would most likely need insulin injections:

a. a 10-year old child with type 1 diabetes

b. a 65-year old morbidly obese man who has just been diagnosed with type 2 diabetes

c. a 40-year old runner with arthritis

d. an overweight teenager whose grandfather has diabetes

The essence of our human nature is:

Happiness

The Will To Life

Pain and distress

Love and Kindness

The Will To Kill

Systemic Driving Pressure and Pulmonic Driving Pressure are very different. List the driving pressures for each circuit, and explain why the difference is important.

In about 3 paragraphs describe the action of various (some ) hormones in our bodies

List the tissue types that must be removed and replaced in a total hip replacement

How is constriction of superior mesenteric artery sympathetic? Please EXPLAIN

How is the stimulation of sebaceous gland sympathetic? please EXPLAIN

For articulations, you will need to identify the name of the joint, the bones that articulate to form the joint, the structural and functional classifications of the joints, and the movements these joints can do. Ligaments will be bonus points on the practical, if asked.

Hip                                                               Knee

Sacroiliac                                                    Ankle

Pubic symphysis                                        Tibiofibular (proximal and distal)