1. Match each statement with the appropriate nerve.

A. Axillary     B. femoral      C. fibular    D. obturator      E. radial      F. phrenic      G. ulnar

            ______ Forms from the cervical plexus.

            ______ Damage to this nerve would prevent extension at the knee.

            ______ Stimulation of this nerve would trigger adduction at the hip.

            ______ Damage to this nerve might weaken flexion at the wrist.

2. Match each phrase with the appropriate structure associated with the spinal cord.

A. ventral root      B. ventral horn      C. ventral ramus      D. dorsal root      E. dorsal horn   F. dorsal ramus

______ Origin of somatic motor neurons.

______ Contains only sensory fibers.

______ Carries only fibers connecting to the central region of the back.

3. What is the reason for the two enlargements in the spinal cord?
4. Describe the distal (inferior) end of the spinal cord and the contents of the vertebral canal below L2.
5. Explain why the crossed extension reflex must accompany a withdrawal reflex of the leg.

This is for chapters 13, 14, 15, and 16 in the anatomy SALDIN textbook, I am really struggling please give as many details as possible I haven't been getting full credit from the answers I have received from here.. THANK YOU SO SO MUCH.

1. How does accommodation of muscle spindles figure in the importance of stretch routines as a warm-up for exercise?

2. Lionel suffered a ruptured artery in his middle cranial fossa. As a consequence a pool of blood compressed his left optic tract, destroying its fibers. What part of the visual field was blinded?

3. Ralph sustained a leg injury in a bowling accident and had to use crutches. Unfortunately, he never took the time to learn how to use them properly. After two weeks of use, he noticed his fingers were becoming numb and then noticed his arms were getting weaker and tingling. Explain what you think could be his problem.

4. After surgery, patients are often temporarily unable to urinate, and bowel sounds are absent.   What division of the ANS is affected by anesthesia?

5. Describe how vibration of the tympanic membrane ultimately produces fluctuations of membrane voltage in a cochlear hair cell?

1. Trace the path of cerebrospinal fluid from where it is formed to where it is reabsorbed back into the blood.

2. Match each function with the appropriate area of the brain.

A. Basal nucleus                     C. Hypothalamus                    E. Precentral gyrus          G. Superior colliculus

B. Cerebellum                                     D. Inferior colliculus             F, Postcentral gyrus    H. Insula

______ Primary sensory area.

______ Suppress unwanted motor activity.

______ Involved in auditory reflexes.

______ Controls some endocrine functions.

3. How do the dural sinuses form?
4. Explain habituation.
5. Define the reticular formation in one sentence.
6. What is a common feature of cranial nerves III, IV, & VI?
7. What functions are usually attributed to the right cerebral hemisphere?

1. Select the most correct answer:

1. Phagocytosis is the process of engulfing & digesting microorganisms
2. An Antigen is anything foreign (non-self), or perceived as foreign
3. A Pathogen is a disease-causing antigen
4. A and C are correct
5. A and B and C are correct

2. The three steps of the 1^st stage of wound healing are:

1. Hemostasis, clot retraction, fibrinolysis
2. Hemostasis, platelet plug formation, coagulation
3. Vascular spasm, platelet plug formation, coagulation
4. Vascular spasm, clot retraction, fibrinolysis
5. Hemostasis, vascular spasm, coagulation

3. 98.5% of our O₂ (oxygen) is transported in the bloodstream:

1. As dissolved in the plasma
2. Bound to hemoglobin (Hb) as Hb-O₂
3. As HCO₃ (bicarbonate ion)
4. Bound to Carbon Dioxide (CO₂)
5. Ooops, I didn’t study. I thought summer school was going to be eeezy.

4. Vascular spasm (vasospasm):

1. Is a response to blood vessel damage, activated platelets, and reflexes initiated by pain receptors

2. Constricts the fibrin threads, closing the wound

3. Is the 1^st step in hemostasis in which the injured vessel vaso-constricts (vaso-C)

4. A & C are true concerning vascular spasm (vasospasm)

5. Dissolves the fibrin threads, closing the wound

5. Red blood cells /RBC’s /erythrocytes:

a. Contain the pigmented protein hemoglobin

b. Are biconcave meaning that they have 2 nuclei

c. Transport oxygen, and are the most abundant of all the blood cells

d. All of the above are true concerning RBC’s

e. Only A & C are correct

1. What are two forms of blood doping that result in polycythemia, and what are the potential health risks associated with these practices? How would you expect endogenous erythropoietin levels in those who engage in blood doping to compare with those in normal individuals? Explain your answer.

Why can cancers of endocrine glands lead to hormonal imbalances?

Assign appropriate CPT and ICD-10-CM codes and modifiers

3. PREOPERATIVE DIAGNOSIS: Left tibial tubercle avulsion fracture.

POSTOPERATIVE DIAGNOSIS: Comminuted left distal end of the tibia

PROCEDURE: Open reduction and internal fixation of left tibia.

ANESTHESIA: General. The patient received 10 ml of 0.5% Marcaine local anesthetic.

TOURNIQUET TIME: 80 minutes.

ESTIMATED BLOOD LOSS: Minimal.

DRAINS: One JP drain was placed.

COMPLICATIONS: No intraoperative complications or specimens. Hardware consisted of two 4-5 K-wires, One 6.5, 60 mm partially threaded cancellous screw and one 45, 60 mm partially threaded cortical screw and 2 washers.

HISTORY AND PHYSICAL: The patient is a 14-year-old male who reported having knee pain for 1 month. Apparently while he was playing basketball on 12/22/2007 when he had gone up for a jump, he felt a pop in his knee. The patient was seen at an outside facility where he was splinted and subsequently referred to Children's for definitive care. Radiographs confirmed comminuted tibial tubercle avulsion fracture with patella alta. Surgery is recommended to the grandmother and subsequently to the father by phone. Surgery would consist of open reduction and internal fixation with subsequent need for later hardware removal. Risks of surgery include the risks of anesthesia, infection, bleeding, changes on sensation in most of the extremity, hardware failure, need for later hardware removal, failure to restore extensor mechanism tension, and need for postoperative rehab. All questions were answered, and father and grandmother agreed to the above plan.

PROCEDURE: The patient was taken to the operating and placed supine on the operating table. General anesthesia was then administered. The patient was given Ancef preoperatively. A nonsterile tourniquet was placed on the upper aspect of the patient's left thigh. The patient's extremity was then prepped and draped in the standard surgical fashion. Midline incision was marked on the skin extending from the tibial tubercle proximally and extremities wrapped in Esmarch. Finally, the patient had tourniquet that turned in 75 mmHg. Esmarch was then removed. The incision was then made. The patient had significant tearing of the posterior retinaculum medially with proximal migration of the tibial tubercle which was located in the joint there was a significant comminution and intraarticular involvement. We were able to see the underside of the anterior horn of both medial and lateral meniscus. The intraarticular cartilage was restored using two 45 K-wires. Final position was checked via fluoroscopy and the corners were buried in the cartilage. There was a large free floating metaphyseal piece that included parts of proximal tibial physis. This was placed back in an anatomic location and fixed using a 45 cortical screw with a washer. The avulsed fragment with the patellar tendon was then fixed distally to this area using a 6.5, 60 mm cancellous screw with a washer. The cortical screw did not provide good compression and fixation at this distal fragment. Retinaculum was repaired using 0 Vicryl suture as best as possible. The hematoma was evacuated at the beginning of the case as well as the end. The knee was copiously irrigated with normal saline. The subcutaneous tissue was re-approximated using 2-0 Vicryl and the skin with 4-0 Monocryl. The wound was cleaned, dried, and dressed with Steri-Strips, Xeroform, and 4 x4s. Tourniquet was released at 80 minutes. JP drain was placed on the medium gutter. The extremity was then wrapped in Ace wrap from the proximal thigh down to the toes. The patient was then placed in a knee mobilizer. The patient tolerated the procedure well. Subsequently extubated and taken to the recovery in stable condition.

POSTOP PLAN: The patient hospitalized overnight to decrease swelling and as well as manage his pain. He may weightbear as tolerated using knee mobilizer. Postoperative findings relayed to the grandmother. The patient will need subsequent hardware removal. The patient also was given local anesthetic at the end of the case.

Antibiotics are one of the most highly utilized and important medication classes in medicine. Did you know that livestock animals such as cows, pigs, and chickens can receive antibiotics? Resistance to antibiotics is a growing concern, not only in humans but also in livestock animals. Antibiotic resistance occurs when bacteria change in such a way that the effectiveness of drugs is reduced.

For your initial post, research antibiotic resistance further and address the following:

• How does antibiotic resistance develop?
• What complications can occur from antibiotic resistance, both in humans and in livestock?
• Should we decrease the use of antibiotics in humans and livestock animals?

For your reply post, address the following question:

• After reading your classmate's initial discussion post, research and report on an opposing view. After reviewing both positions, what are your thoughts?

The American diet isn't as healthy as it could be. As it has become easier to obtain and prepare food, the amount of food we eat has increased. American adults eat more calories than they did 50 years ago primarily due to larger portion sizes, especially from fast foods, and an increase in the frequency of snacking and calories consumed from those snacks. As a result, over two-thirds of American adults weigh more than they should.

Think About This:
Americans are replacing more and more home cooked meals with meals from fast food restaurants. What is the cost of this convenience?

In Your Topic Post: In your own words;

• Why do you think Americans today rely more on prepackaged and restaurant meals than our grandparents did?
• Share what you see as the nutritional impacts of this trend?
• Share 1-2 obstacles you face when it comes to healthy food choices.

As part of a pathophysiology lecture in a fourth year course, you are informed that two different types of G-protein coupled receptors are expressed on a human organ system. The activation of receptor-1 (R-1) causes an elevation in cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) levels in the cells. While the activation of receptor-2 (R-2) causes an inhibition in the rise of cAMP levels in the same cells.

Q1. Which G-protein alpha subunit is most likely associated with R-1 and R-2? 2 points R-1 = Q2.

You are further informed that activation of R-1 causes relaxation of smooth muscles in the organ expressing these receptors.

What do you think could be the possible effect of R-2 activation? 1 point

Q3. If the pathophysiology (clinical problem) in patients is excessive muscle contraction and constriction of the tissue, how can you target these two receptors to correct the underlying disorder? Note: Think in terms of agonist/antagonist for receptors R-1 and R-2. 2 points

detail how Wolff’s Law can explain an in increase in bone density, and also, how it can explain decrease in bone density.

What is the RMP?

Depolarization: Which gates are open and which gates are closed?

Repolarization: Which gates close and which ones open?

How does the cell go back to RMP?