1. Dr.W is trying to explain the concepts of resting membrane potential, equilibrium potential, and membrane potential to the students in her laboratory. To do this, she uses a dish of cultured motor neurons so that she can alter the solution covering the cells and she can use a recording electrode to pierce one of the cells and determine its membrane potential relative to the extracellular fluid. She asks you a number of questions before and after she alters the conditions around the cell.

1. Showing all work, calculate the E_ionfor Na⁺, K⁺and Ca⁺⁺

The normal media (fluid covering the cells) contains:

145 mEq/L Na⁺        5 mEq/L K⁺                 and 2 mEq/L Ca⁺⁺

and the intracellular fluid contains:

15 mEq/L Na⁺          155 mEq/L K⁺               and 0.0001 mEq/L Ca⁺⁺

Explain how graded potentials and action potentials are different.  On which part of a neuron would you expect a graded potential to occur?  An action potential?  

Explain what an EPSP and IPSP are?  How would you generate an IPSP?  

What is “spina bifida”? What is “spina bifida occulta” Provide a well-informed answer and not just a one word answer

What is Paget's disease of the bone? How common is it? Provide a well-informed answer and not just a one word answer

Which two of the following glands secrete hormones from both endocrine and nervous tissue? Ans choice A: adrenals and pituitary B: thyroid and pituitary C: pituitary and pancreas D: pancreas and adrenals

1. Distinguish between stimulus, sensation, transduction, transmission and perception

Choose one of the following locations and provide a detailed description of the path deoxygenated blood would follow in a complete circuit from that location, through the heart and back again:

The anterior antebrachium

The popliteal fossa

The frontal lobe of the brain

The kidney

Your response should include whether blood is deoxygenated or oxygenated at each location. Biodigital would be a great resource to help you see the route on an interactive model.

Choose ONE particular characteristic of early hominids that differentiate them from apes. Compare/contrast that characteristic - this could be anatomical or cultural in nature. Cite any sources you use and do NOT duplicate! Please do not use Teeth, Pelvis, Knees, or Spine

When an electrode is stuck inside an intact squid giant axon, the membrane potential registers

-70mV. When the axon, suspended in a bath of seawater, is stimulated to conduct an impulse, the membrane potential changes transiently to +40mV. For univalent ions at 20^oC, the Nernst equation reduces to:

V_{(membrane potential)} = 58mV x log₁₀(C_o/C_i)

Where C_o and C_i are the extra and intracellular concentrations of the ion respectively (see table below).

A. Using this equation, calculate the potential across the resting membrane;

1. Assuming that it is solely due to K⁺. (2 points)

2. Assuming that it is solely due to Na⁺. (2 points)

B. Which calculation is closer to the measured resting potential and what conclusion do you draw from this? (4 points)

C. Which calculation is closer to the measured action potential? What does this mean? (4 points)

Compare & contrast bone remodeling in cortical bone & trabecular bone.

Jaundice may be caused by all but. Ans choice: A: aplastic anemia B: hemolytic anemia C: sepsis (blood infection) D: liver disease

true of false.                                                                              the distal end of the humerus is located near the shoulder.                                                                                   the thoracic cavity surrounds and protects the heart and the lungs.                                                                            the 13 pairs of ribs are called costal.                                     the phalanges are the bones in fingers.                               the sternum is also known as the collar bone.                   a callus forms as a bulging deposit around the area in a bone.this tissue eventually becomes cartilage.              impetigo is a highly contagious viral skin infection.           albinism is a deficiency or absence of pigment in the skin, hair, and eyes.                                                .                 malignant melanoma is a skin cancer derived squamous cells of the Epithelium.

Let's discuss joints and the mechanics of the skeletal system. Pick a joint and identify the bones that are involved in that joint.

• The joint I picked is the ball and socket joint.
• What might be the lumps/bumps (named correctly) that are associated with that joint to act as the surface for the joint to move, as well as points for muscle attachment that may cause that joint to move?

Example: Knee joint is a hinge joint and is made up of the femur and the tibia. The patella (a sesamoid bone) plays a role by helping with muscle movement but doesn't actually form part of the knee joint. The fibula is located in the same area but doesn't form part of the knee joint. The joint surfaces are the condyles of the femur superiorly resting on the condyles of the tibia. Both the femur and the tibia have epicondyles which are for muscle attachments that help in movement of the knee joint. The tibia also has the tibial tuberosity which is for muscle attachment near the knee. The range of motion of the knee is flexion and extension.

1. Explain the roles of the adaptive defenses including B-Cells, T-Cells, antibodies (structure, function, classes)

2. Outline the process of digestion from mouth to anus. Be sure to discuss important structures along the way, enzymes, and processes.

1) Describe passive transport.
2) Define concentration gradient, electrical gradient, and electrochemical gradient. 3) What factors play a role in the rate of diffusion?
4) Explain the difference between simple diffusion and facilitated diffusion.
5) Which type of molecules move via facilitated diffusion?
6) Why is active transport necessary?
7) What role does the Na-K pump play in active transport?
8) How is primary active transport different from secondary active transport?
9) What is the mechanism for glucose transport across the intestinal epithelium?
10) Define the relationship between osmotic pressure and osmosis.
11) What type of transport occurs through aquaporins? Where are aquaporins found? 12) How does active transport help to maintain concentration gradients?