The orthopaedic surgeon needs to carry out surgery on a patient which involves the
removal of a failed intervertebral disc. Compare a spinal cage with an intervertebral
implant and provide a recommendation for the surgeon as to which one should be
inserted in to the patient.

How does the principle of homeostasis relate to endocrine function? Provide a specific example of how hormones are regulated through the use of feedback systems.

4. What are the metabolic and clinical consequences of using folic acid to treat macrocytic anemia caused by a vitamin B12 deficiency?

7. Describe the role of lateral inhibition in sensation. How does this relate to the on center off surround in the retina?

1. True or false: Exocrine glands release useful, non-hormone secretions into the blood.

2. What is the function of serous fluid?

3.

Which membrane is responsible for lubricating the hip and shoulder joints?

4. True or false: The secretions of endocrine glands can alter cell function.

5. The __________ is a layer of protein that aids in attaching an epithelial tissue to the connective tissue deep to it?

6. The electrical signals that stimulate muscle contraction are created by ______ tissue?

1. A patient with OTC deficiency has recurrent hyperammonemic events over a 3-month period despite reduced protein intake and increased doses of sodium benzoate and sodium phenylacetate. What are the factors that need to be considered as a cause of the hyperammonemia in this individual? (Consider the dynamic of nitrogen balance over this period.) What is the likely treatment?

5. Describe the structural organization of the membrane skeleton that is a major determinant of red cell shape and deformability.

Explain the concept of net filtration pressure. Describe the two main forces that drive the direction of fluid flow as you move across a given capillary. How do these forces change from the arterial end to the venous end of the capillary?

Men tend to have a higher hematocrit number because the hormone [s] causes the kidney to produce more of the hormone [t], which in turn increases erythropoiesis.

6. MAKE A FLOW CHART Follow the influence of light on a single peripheral rod cell and explain what happens at the pigment, the cell membrane, the cell terminus, the other retinal cells and the path to the occipital lobe

Excessive vagal stimulation can be caused by severe depression. How would this be reflected in a routine physical examination?

Investigate a disorder or disability that is genetically inherited, and write a two- to three-page paper on the genes involved, the inheritance pattern, and any genetic complexities discovered. By genetic complexities I mean, for example, is only one gene involved, or multiple genes? Are there environmental factors that play a role? Are there variations in the disorder? Are there related disorders found among carriers?

I suggest a good source for valid information would be an association set up for family members of those who have a disorder. You can also have a look at the Genetics Home Reference from the National Institutes of Health.

. Mr. Smith, who has alcoholic cirrhosis (liver disease), has noticed significant swelling (edema) to his lower extremities that he no longer can put on his shoes. a. What do you think is the cause of his edema? Explain your answer. b. If his NFP at the arteriole side of the capillary bed is +10 mm Hg, what would you expect it to be at the venule end, positive or negative? Explain while discussing hydrostatic and osmotic pressures in the capillaries and interstitial fluid and define NFP. State the equation for calculating NFP.