Fred fell from the garage roof when cleaning out the gutters after a storm. At the hospital doctors concluded that he had an Left T12 hemi-section.  

What pathway that would carry proprioceptive information and which side of the Fred's body would be effected. ?

Would Fred have voluntary movement of his lower limbs? consider both left and right sides?

Would Fred still have a knee jerk reflex?

Would Fred be able to perceive the reflex?

Describe the types of sensory modalities that may be influenced by this type of injury.

How would the diet of a strength athlete differ from the endurance athlete? Explain in detail and include the metabolic pathways used for each type, strength and endurance. What are they trying to achieve through this diet to optimize their training outcomes?

7. Describe the role of lateral inhibition in sensation. How does this relate to the on center off surround in the retina?

Can you explain Ligands, Receptors , how they work throughout the body and inside a cell using a picture as well, thank you.

1. A female volleyball player enters the athletic training room following practice and complains of pain on the outside of her right ankle. She tells the athletic trainer that it has been progressively getting worse over the last 3 weeks. Identify the classification of this injury (e.g., acute, chronic, macro trauma, micro trauma).
2. You begin your observation and determine that she has mild edema over the peroneal tendons by the lateral malleolus. She states she has pain with passive stretching and pain with active and resisted motion. Explain the injury you suspect.
3. Using the information in question 2, describe how you would treat this injury.

We stay healthy because our bodies keep everything in balance. Which system, that we studied this semester, do you think is the most important in maintaining homeostasis? In your discussion be sure to include the main function of the system, cells and tissues that are involved, and how it maintains homeostasis. You can also include how it helps regulate other systems if you think that is important

1. Dr.W is trying to explain the concepts of resting membrane potential, equilibrium potential, and membrane potential to the students in her laboratory. To do this, she uses a dish of cultured motor neurons so that she can alter the solution covering the cells and she can use a recording electrode to pierce one of the cells and determine its membrane potential relative to the extracellular fluid. She asks you a number of questions before and after she alters the conditions around the cell.

1. Showing all work, calculate the E_ionfor Na⁺, K⁺and Ca⁺⁺

The normal media (fluid covering the cells) contains:

145 mEq/L Na⁺        5 mEq/L K⁺                 and 2 mEq/L Ca⁺⁺

and the intracellular fluid contains:

15 mEq/L Na⁺          155 mEq/L K⁺               and 0.0001 mEq/L Ca⁺⁺

Explain how graded potentials and action potentials are different.  On which part of a neuron would you expect a graded potential to occur?  An action potential?  

Explain what an EPSP and IPSP are?  How would you generate an IPSP?  

What is “spina bifida”? What is “spina bifida occulta” Provide a well-informed answer and not just a one word answer

What is Paget's disease of the bone? How common is it? Provide a well-informed answer and not just a one word answer

Which two of the following glands secrete hormones from both endocrine and nervous tissue? Ans choice A: adrenals and pituitary B: thyroid and pituitary C: pituitary and pancreas D: pancreas and adrenals

1. Distinguish between stimulus, sensation, transduction, transmission and perception

Choose one of the following locations and provide a detailed description of the path deoxygenated blood would follow in a complete circuit from that location, through the heart and back again:

The anterior antebrachium

The popliteal fossa

The frontal lobe of the brain

The kidney

Your response should include whether blood is deoxygenated or oxygenated at each location. Biodigital would be a great resource to help you see the route on an interactive model.

Choose ONE particular characteristic of early hominids that differentiate them from apes. Compare/contrast that characteristic - this could be anatomical or cultural in nature. Cite any sources you use and do NOT duplicate! Please do not use Teeth, Pelvis, Knees, or Spine