Explain the purpose and benefits of starch, glycogen, and fiber within a healthy diet.

Case Study Organophosphate Poisoning

John has a number of prize apple trees in his backyard. To prevent them from becoming infested with insects, he sprayed them with an organophosphate insecticide. He was in a rush to spray the trees before leaving town on vacation, and he failed to pay attention to the safety precautions on the packaging. He sprayed the trees without using any skin or respiratory protection. Soon he experienced severe stomach cramps, double vision, difficulty breathing, and was diagnosed with organophosphate poisoning. While in the emergency room, his physician administered a drug, and soon many of john’s symptoms subsided.

Organophosphate insecticides exert their effects by binding to the enzyme acetylcholinesterase within synaptic clefts, rendering it ineffective. Thus, the organophosphate poison and acetylcholine “compete” for the acetylcholinesterase as the organophosphate poison increases in concentration the enzyme is less effective in degrading acetylcholine. Organophosphate poisons affect synapses in which ACh is the neurotransmitter, including skeletal muscle synapses and some smooth muscle synapses, such as the wall of the stomach, intestines, and air passageways.

Question:
Explain the spastic contractions that occurred in John’s skeletal muscles. Include the function of this enzyme in normal muscle contractions, how increases in acetylcholine and less acetylcholinesterase affects skeletal muscle, what would happen if John did not get to the hospital and why this would happen. To answer this question fully you will write at least a paragraph.

This patient’s ependymoma was located in the tapered caudal end of the spinal cord, which is supplied by branches of the aorta and spinal arteries. Ependymomas in this region are particularly vulnerable to vessel damage due to higher mobility and vascularization, and movement can lead to vessel rupture and hemorrhage, as occurs in this case. In this case, the patient suffered from a sudden onset of symptoms, presumably following hemorrhage. Answer the following questions regarding the loss of motor and sensory function observed.

Justify the patient’s sudden onset of lower limb paralysis by answering the following questions:

a. Using words and/or drawings, be sure to describe the structure of the corticospinal pathway. Identify the location of the upper and lower somatic motor neurons, decussation, and white matter tracts in the spinal cord. Then, describe how the patient’s ependymoma and subsequent hemorrhage impacted excitability of somatic neurons in this pathway.

b. Justify the patient’s paralysis in both lower limbs. Describe how changes in excitability in lower motor neurons leads to changes in excitability in a skeletal muscle fiber (cell). In your answer, be sure to briefly describe the structure and function of the neuromuscular junction (NMJ), identifying any membranebound proteins and the sequence of events required for skeletal muscle excitation and subsequent force generation. State how ependymoma hemorrhage changes graded and action potentials in a skeletal muscle fiber (cell), the concentration of intracellular calcium, and cross-bridge formation in the muscle.

please answer it ASAP, Its URGENT!!!

Thanks in advance

Describe the entire path of the blood flow through the heart starting with blood returning to the heart from the body. Be sure to include each chamber, valve and vessel. Right and left are also important. (answer in ~250 words)

1) Describe how triglycerides can be used in oxidative phosphorylation

2) Describe the pathway of beta-oxidation and the products it produces

1) Explain how amino acids can be metabolized for energy, including deamination

2) Define what a ketone is and how it can be utilized in metabolism

If a 65kg female drinks 500 ml of water, what is the percent change in her body fluid osmolarity?

1) Jazz is a 172 lb athlete who exercised at 7.6 METs. At this workload, what is his energy expenditure in kcals/min.? Round to the nearest whole number.

A. 10 kcals/min B. 12 kcals/min C. 15 kcals/min D. 7 kcals/min

2) Which type of calorimetry is the most practical to use in quantifying energy expenditure? A. Direct Calorimetry B. Indirect Calorimetry C. Open-Circuit D. Closed-Circuit

3) When is it appropriate to use the term non-protein RQ? A. During a non-steady state of exercise B. During a period of exercise when hyperventilation occurs C. During a steady state of exercise D. None of the above

4) Ashley is a 130 lb athlete who biked on a cycle ergometer at a steady state of exercise for 48 minutes. Her average VO2 was 2.72 LO2/min. and her average VCO2 was 2.24 LCO2/min. What was her total energy expenditure (in kcals) during the entire bout of exercise? Round to the nearest whole number.

A. 712 kcals B. 687 kcals C. 603 kcal D. 630 kcals

5) Carleton is a 155 lb athlete who exercised at a relative VO2 of 34 mlsO2/kg min. At this workload what is his energy expenditure in METs? Round to the first decimal place. A. 10.3 METs B. 8.2 METs C. 9.7 METs D. 8.6 METs

River Rosewell is a professional rower who has just been accepted into the USA athlete in residence program at the Olympic Training Center in Colorado Springs. He has been team rowing since the age of 11. He attended Harvard University on a rowing scholarship is now 21 years old. He has spent the last year after graduation (graduated with a BS degree in Business) pursuing his dream of making it on to the USA rowing team for the single skulls event (heavyweight).
The typical length of a single skulls race is 2 kilometers. He rowed a practice event at the same course he is going to open the season at and had an average (average of two race runs) of 7.01 minutes. This placed him 12th out a field of 30 international qualifiers. This was good enough to qualify him for the actual rowing event event held 12 weeks later.
Assume that the “actual” race will be carried out under very similar weather conditions.
He has worked with a personal trainer for the last year, working on improving his basic strength, strength endurance, power and mobility, and is ready for more “sport specific training” as he approaches skulling circuit.   
Listed below are some of his current anthropometric and performance based characteristics

Physical Characteristics
Height 6”2
Weight 195lb
% Body Fat 11%
1RM Back Squat 330lb
1RM Power clean 260lb
1RM Bench press 280lb
Deadlift 450lb
CMVJ height (hands on hips) 27.0 inches
Can perform 20 bodyweight pull ups
Rowing ergometer, based incremental Vo2max 59ml.kg.min

Question: Design a battery of tests that will test Rivers strength, strength endurance, power, power endurance, anaerobic and aerobic capacity and sport specific preparedness for the upcoming rowing event. Please justify why such tests were selected and were they will be placed in relation to the training program.

Explain the following process (150words each) (5marks each) A) sensitisation of a D negative mother to a D positive fetus B) the movement of maternal anti D from the maternal circulation to fetal circulation C) D positive fetal cell destruction as a result of maternal derived anti D

Explain the mode of action of anti D prophylaxis in a D negative mother ? (300 words max)

Given a cell membrane with the following parameters-

calculate the membrane potential of the cell in mV. (Round your answer to the nearest hundredth.) Assume standard temperature and pressure.

which of the followinf regarding nk cells is false?

a.nk cells are a type of neutrophil

b.nk cells attack cancer cells and virus infected body cells,

c.nk cells are present in the bl, sppleen, lymph nodes, and red bone marrow.

d. nk cells attack cells that display abnormal mhc antigens.

innate imune system defense include

a.b cells

b. t cells

c.phagocytes

d.plasma cells

which of the following is not a function of the lymphatic system?

a.carrying out immune repsonse

b. transporting respiratory gases

c.transporting diertary fats

d.drainig excess interstitual fluid

which of the statements below does not describe antigens?

a. antigens can include prteins, nucleic acids, lipoproteins,glycoproteins, and certain large polysaccharides

b. the parts of antigen molecules that initiate immune responses are called epitopes or antigenic determinants

c.antigens only come from microbes

d.antigens exhibit immunogenicity and reactivity

Lymph capillaries are absent in all but which of the following?

a.digestiev organs

b.cns

c.bones and teeth

d. bone marrow