Question

What happens as a result of Ca⁺⁺ ion flow at a presynaptic terminal? (draw it out..it may help)

a) synaptic vesicles migrate to the plasma membrane and release acetylcholine.

      b) acetylcholine is passively transported from the presynaptic neuron.

      c) acetylcholine is actively transported to the postsynaptic neuron.

      d) ligand-gated sodium channels open.

      e) sodium ions diffuse into the cell.

Which of the following statements is true?   Metabolic pathways  ____________.

a) occur in a controlled series of chemical reactions    b) are controlled by enzyme activity

c) only assemble molecules from atoms   d) all of the above are true   

e) only a and b are true

You react to an odor by vomiting.  This information was processed in the ________ of the            _________.

      a)   temporal lobe; cerebral cortex     b)  thalamus; cerebellum   

      c)   reticulo-spinal tract; nervous system   d)  frontal lobe; cerebellum      

      e)   none of the above

Your reaction to the above odor would _______.

      a)  be a reflex              b)  utilize both afferent and efferent pathways     

      c)  utilize both sensory and  motor  pathways      d)  two of the above     e)  all of the above

What is the receptor type used by the post ganglionic neuron of the para-sympathetic system        at the cardiac synapse?

  a) cholinergic; nicotinic   b) adrenergic; alpha    c) cholinergic; muscarinic   d) adrenergic; beta  

Your blood pressure suddenly decreases.  What nucleus or nuclei in the central nervous system provides the stimulus to speed the heart rate and restore pressure?

      a)  cardio-excitatory center   b) basal nuclei   c)  pons   d)  cerebellum  e)  none of the above

      

Answer 1

1)Option b- acetylcholine is passively transported from the presynaptic neuron

Neurotransmitters are made in the cell body of the neuron and then transported down the axon to the axon terminal.Neurotransmitters are released from the axon terminal when their vesicles "fuse" with the membrane of the axon terminal, spilling the neurotransmitter into the synaptic cleft.

2) e) only a and b are true

a metabolic pathway is a linked series of chemical reactions occurring within a cell. The reactants, products, and intermediates of an enzymatic reaction are known as metabolites, which are modified by a sequence of chemical reactions catalyzed by enzymes.In most cases of a metabolic pathway, the product of one enzyme acts as the substrate for the next. However, side products are considered waste and removed from the cell. These enzymes often require dietary minerals, vitamins, and other cofactors to function.

3) a)   temporal lobe; cerebral cortex

olfactory tract for relaying sense of smell to temporal lobes.

4) e)  all of the above

react to an odor by vomiting is akind of reflux

it is carried by the sensory neuron(afferent) of smell from the nose to the temporal lobe of cerebral cortex and the effect is carried by the motor neuron(efferent)

5) c) cholinergic; muscarinic

The parasympathetic system effects are mediated by muscarinic receptors

The parasympathetic nervous system (PNS) releases the hormone acetylcholine to slow the heart rate.

6) a)  cardio-excitatory center

when the blood pressure get decrease the cardiac excitatory center present in the medulla oblangata get activated. it increases the cardiac output and increase the vasoconstriction.there by increasing the bp to normal level