Analyze squatting by biomechanical factors broken down into skill, anatomical/performance factors, potential injuries, and equipment/environmental influences and determine the most important one. Analysis of ankle, knee, and hip joints as far as joint action, musculature, and muscle action while squatting.

Write an Explanation with each answer.

Georgia Kaplan is a 22-year-old college student with anorexia nervosa. She was diagnosed when she was 15 years old while attending boarding school. She has undergone intensive treatment with recent better control of her disorder. At present she weighs 98 pounds and her height is 5 feet 2 inches. She is fearful of gaining weight. In particular, she is fearful of weighing more than 100 pounds. She has kept her weight over 95 pounds for the last 3 years with close medical follow-up and psychological counseling.

Ms. Kaplan’s grades at school are consistently As and Bs, unless she is having difficulty with her condition. She visualizes herself as being overweight, “feels fat,” and follows a very strict diet under medical supervision. She shares an apartment with two other roommates who are not aware that she has an eating disorder. She shops for her own food, stores it on a special shelf in the kitchen, and uses a particular shelf in the refrigerator. Her roommate shop, cook, and share meals with each other, but Georgia prefers to by herself.

Georgia exercises twice a day. In the morning she jogs with on of her roommates. In the afternoon she works out, concentrating on her abdomen, which she believes is “too fat and sticks out too much.” She has not had a menstrual period in more than 3 months. Before that time, her menstrual cycle was irregular and fluctuated with the control of her disease.

On physical examination, Georgia appears pale and thin. Her temperature is 96.2 degrees, her blood pressure is 64/42, and her pulse is 58 and regular. She states that she has occasional dizziness but, as long as she changes her position slowly from lying to sitting, this dizziness is not usually bothersome.

1. Even though Georgia Kaplan’s disease seems to be in control, which one of the following factors indicates a need to monitor her more closely than usual?

1. A weight of 98 pounds
2. Fear of gaining weight over 100 pounds
3. Grades
4. The fact that her roommates do not know of her disorder
5. Ritualistic behavior regarding shopping and eating alone
6. Exercise
7. Body image
8. Amenorrhea
9. Dizziness
10. Abnormal temperature, pulse, and blood pressure

1. 1, 2, 4, and 5
2. 3, 4, 5, and 10
3. 4, 5, 6, and 8
4. 6, 7, 8, and 9

2. The counselor convinces Georgia to share her problem with her roommates and she brings them to her next visit. Discussion with the roommates indicates that Georgia’s condition is being complicated by another disorder. She has not gained any weight since the last visit, but her roommates indicate that she is sharing meals with them and progressively eating more food. Which one of the following disorders should be considered?

1. Phenylketonuria
2. Obesity
3. Diabetes mellitus
4. Bulimia

3. In making nutritional recommendations to Ms. Kaplan, the counselor should stress which of the following factors?

1. Basic nutrient molecules are necessary for each cell in the body to function.
2. Body systems will compensate for her inability to eat properly.
3. Her disorder will not affect other systems in the body.
4. She will need to take vitamins to counteract all the effects of her disorder.

4. When describing necessary nutrition for Georgia, which one of the following groups of tools is most likely to be used?

1. Pictures of children with kwashiorkor and marasmus
2. Recommended daily allowances and the Food Guide Pyramid
3. Recommended daily allowances and a list of the essential amino acids.
4. The food pyramid and a list of the essential amino acids

Explain the questions detailed. 10 pts each

1. In which compartment you would find a low concentration of both K+ ions and Proteins and why?

2.  In a given molecule which are the determinants for its transport through a membrane (active/passive/receptor mediated etc.) ?

What happens when you are on an airplane and you feel your ears start to “pop” or have a plugged-up feeling that is somewhat relieved when you swallow? Why does this feeling of the eardrum occur, and why does swallowing relieve the symptoms?

Think about the microscopic, histological physical traits that are unique to skeletal muscle. In complete sentences, explain how these microscopic, histological physical traits are a reflection of the functions of the cardiac muscle tissue.

Describe the smooth muscle layers in the wall of the esophagus, stomach, small intestine & large intestine; include the number of layers and layer arrangement & how this is functionally important

Q1. Phosphocreatine

Select one:
a) provides the muscle cell with a quick energy source
b) removes Ach from the neuromuscular junction
c) blocks the myosin binding site in a relaxed muscle
d) responsible for the release of Ach
e) pumps Ca2+ back into the sarcoplasmic reticulum

Q2. In twitch summation,

Select one:
a) the muscle fiber is stimulated again before the filaments have completely returned to their resting position
b) stronger muscle contractions occur but stronger action potentials do not uoccur
c) a second action potential occurs in the muscle fiber, before the first action potential is finished
d) both a and b are correct
e) all of the above are correct

Q3. The force generated by a single muscle fiber:

Select one:
a) is always the same
b) can be increased by increasing the frequency of action potentials
c) can be increased by motor unit recruitment
d) more than one of the above is correct

1. Joe was in a sledding accident and believed to have ruptured his spleen.  What would be his signs and symptoms?  His treatment?  What is the danger in a spleen rupture?  Will Joe get a transplant for spleen replacement?  What is his possible prognosis?

Match each event in the insulin secretion pathway with its correct order.

A.Cytosolic ATP levels rise

B.Cytosolic Ca2+ levels rise

C.Membrane depoarization

D.insulin secretory vesicles fuse with the plasma membrane

E.K+ channel closes

F.glucose enters the cell

1. List the major structural differences between a generalized cell and the modifications that are found in a muscle cell.

2. Describe how lactic acid fermentation differs form aerobic respiration, including the amount of ATP energy is produced in each.

3. Explain how the mechanism of striated muscle contraction differs from smooth muscle contraction.

Explain the relationship among chylomicrons, cholesterol, and the lipoproteins LDL. What is the role of this lipoprotein in the body? Why is it considered “bad”? Where does it come from? Where could it end up?

spirometry  

describe the differents devises how to use them , what are the formula and the important of these formula.

talk about the physiology and definition of the formula

A 155 lb., 60-year-old man had a chronic productive cough, exertional dyspnea, mild cyanosis, and marked slowing of forced expiration. His pulmonary function and laboratory tests follow: Frequency 15 breaths/min Alveolar ventilation 4.1 L/min Vital capacity (VC) 2.2 L Functional residual capacity (FRC) 4.0 L Total lung capacity (TLC) 5.2 L Maximum inspiratory flow rate 252 L/min Maximum expiratory flow rate 21 L/min PaO2 63 mm Hg PaCO2 38 mm Hg Pulmonary function tests after bronchodilator therapy: Frequency 15 breaths/min Alveolar ventilation 4.25 L/min VC 2.4 L FRC 4.0 L TLC 5.2 L Maximum inspiratory flow rate 252 L/min Maximum expiratory flow rate 24 L/min PaO2 63 mm Hg PaCO2 37 mm Hg

6. What is the cause of this altered RV?

7. Calculate the tidal volume (TV) for this person before and after the bronchodilator therapy. TV = AV/f + patient body weight. Hint: TV is calculated in mL, so you will need to convert L to mL before completing the equation.

8. Is each TV normal or altered?

9. Calculate the minute ventilation (MV) for this person before and after the bronchodilator therapy. MV = TV × f

10. Is each MV normal or altered?

. Every textbook on brain behaviour relationships has one or another version of the famous motor ‘homunculus’ – the distorted body part graphic drawn juxtaposed to the primary motor cortex. The motor homunculus is based on Penfield’s groundbreaking work showing that the amount of cortical area affecting movement of a given body part was not related to the body part’s size but to its motor control capability (thus the grotesquely enlarged appearance of the homunculus’ lips and hands). Penfield used short-duration electrical pulses in the posterior region of the frontal lobe that elicited, simple, nearly reflexive, twitch-like movements. Had his electrical stimulation been of much longer-duration, what type of movements would he have likely elicited from there?