Question

Human Physiology

1. Describe the events that lead to micturition (urination), including the effect of the nervous system on the muscles involved.
2. Explain the concept of transport maximum. Under what scenario would glucose appear in the urine?
3. Explain in detail the process that establishes and maintains the medullary osmotic gradient in the kidneys. Then describe the effect this osmotic gradient has on the water in the renal tubules.
4. Explain what conditions stimulate the release of ADH by the posterior pituitary. Then describe in detail the effect of ADH on cells lining the collecting duct.
5. Describe the effect aldosterone and ANP have on sodium levels in the blood.

Answer 1

Micturition is A process of emptying of urinary bladder filled with urine.

Around 300-400ml of urine can accumalate in urinary bladder.

The process starts with:-

As the urinary bladder get filled a tension creates in the walls of bladder.

This cause the initation of nervous system called the micturition reflex that reach to brain to empty the bladder.

The brain sends back the impulse to detrusor muscle. (Which is involuntary muscle)

That cause the contraction of detrusor muscle which further act on relaxtion of internal spinchter of urethra. These are under control of autonomic nervous system.

Further the external sphincter is under voulntary control , under voluntary condition urine get passed from urethra .

When glucosw is present in urine this condition is known as glycosuria.

This condition appear when body can't take upeglucose due to insulin disturbance

And when body doesn't make insulin properly .

(Function of insulin is to transport the glucose into body cell for energy, growth. )

Please post each question seperately