Question

1. Discuss how gastrointestinal pathogens bypass the immune system within the GI-

2. What are enterotoxins and how do these differ from other bacterial toxins that we have discussed previously?

Answer 1

Pathogens in the gut, specialized immune cells and hormones work together to protect the GIT And which maintain the balance of the body's immune system.

gastrointestinalimmune cells are known as “Peyer’s patches” and protect the mucous membranes of the small intestines against infection by releasing white blood cells (T and B cells).

Boosting the action of the immune cells are certain strains of gut flora that prevent pathogens from being absorbed. Any disturbance to it can easily allow the pathogens to results in diseases.

Imbalance in the bacteria can lead to many problems and diseases.

There are many factors like antibiotics that upset the balance of the normal flora can favor both infection by exogenous pathogens and overgrowth by endogenous pathogens. If the bowel wall is breached, enteric bacteria can escape into the peritoneum and cause peritonitis and abscesses.

Individuals with reduced or absent gastric acid have a high incidence of bacterial colonization in the upper small bowel and are more prone to bacterial diarrheal disease.

Invasive bacteria, such as   shigella and Campylobacter, penetrate the intestinal mucosa, and results in bloody, mucoid diarrheal stool with inflammatory exudate is produced.