Discuss the different functions of the kidneys, and the relevance of glomerular filtration rate (GFR) test in the assessment of their normal physiology.

Read the different renal functions and non-infectious pathologies to discuss the topic

A) Where does the blood brain barrier (BBB) exist? (state where it anatomically is) B) How are the capillaries at the BBB different from capillaries at the blood-CSF barrier, include where this blood-CSF barrier exists)  C) Why do they have this difference? D) Where does CSF flow as it circulates and what is its function? What anatomy is involved with the return of CSF to blood?

In the hospital, you see that an older patient has a positive Babinsky sign.  What does this look like?  This “positive” sign is not a good thing, what does it indicate regarding a tract? B) What information travels along this tract?  Where do neural signals originate along this tract, and what is the function of this area of the brain?  Explain the pathway for a neural signal to travel from that area of the brain to its destination, introducing relevant anatomy along the way.

2. When muscles are forced to contract against an immovable (heavy) load, the joint does not move. Imagine standing behind a car and trying to lift the back end off the ground with just your arms.   During such isometric muscle contractions, the small arteries that direct blood flow to the muscle are compressed.

1. Under such conditions, MAP rises rapidly (>150 mmHg) and disproportionate to the mass of muscle recruited. Describe a mechanism to explain how isometric contractions with a small muscle group could produce such a large increase in MAP.
2. What would be a beneficial effect to the muscles of raising MAP to that extent?

The following variables improve after 12 weeks of supervised resistance training except?

• blood pressure
• body mass index
• endothelial function
• body weight

Insulin resistance commonly occurs in the mother during pregnancy. With the knowledge you gained regarding insulin and its function, which of the following is a correct statement.

a. One benefit of insulin resistance in the mother during pregnancy is a reduction of her plasma glucose concentrations.

b. One benefit of insulin resistance in the mother during pregnancy is the blockage of the development of diabetes mellitus in later life.

c. One benefit of insulin resistance in the mother during pregnancy is the increased availability of glucose to the fetus.

d. One benefit of insulin resistance in the mother during pregnancy is an increased appetite.

e. One benefit of insulin resistance in the mother during pregnancy is a reduction in pituitary function.

Imagine that you are the coach of a 7-8 year old soccer team. Since you desire to stay in shape you run up and down the field with the players at every practice. On real hot days you make sure that you end practice when you start feeling the effects of running around in the heat. Explain in detail why (or why not) this is a good policy to prevent your team from experiencing heat illness.

define renal threshold and glucose transport maximum and state how they would be affected if there are more glucose carriers/transporters in the nephron

Explain the pathway that stimulates the release of aldosterone. (chapter on urinary system)

A 26 year old newly wed bride complains of burning micturition (urination) on her honeymoon. She has Supra-Pubic tenderness (pain in her Pelvis). Her UA demonstrates:

(+) Leukocyte Esterase

Urine Culture: Staphylococus saprophyticus (bacteria)

Group of answer choices

A. Bacteremia

B. Cystitis

C. Hydronephrosis

D. Pyelonephritis

A 65 year old Caucasian female with a PMHx of COPD (Emphysema) presents to the emergency room with dyspnea. A BMP and an ABG are ordered with the following relevant values resulting:

pH: 7.30
Bicarbonate: 30

How do you proceed with this patient?

Group of answer choices

A, Treat for Metabolic Alkalosis

B. Place on O2 therapy

C. Treat for Respiratory Alkalosis

D. Discharge Home

1. True or false: Urea is reabsorbed passively by diffusion along its concentration gradient as water is reabsorbed.

Select one:

True

False

2.

Anti-diuretic hormone (=vasopressin) acts on collecting duct cells with a vasopressin receptor by the following mechanism:

Select one:

a. activation of adrenergic receptors

b. increase in Na+/K+ pumps in the basal membrane

c. increase in Na+/K+ pumps in the apical membrane

d. exocytosis of vesicles that contain aquaporins

e. decrease in cell membrane cholesterol

3.

A decrease in blood volume, such as from hemorrhage, will cause each of the following except:

Select one:

a. increased thirst

b. increased angiotensin II production

c. increased norepinephrine secretion

d. increased sodium excretion

e. decreased ANP secretion

4.

An increase in aldosterone will cause ...

Select one:

a. an increase in sodium reabsorption

b. an increase in blood pressure

c. an increase in angiotensin II

d. an increase in calcium reabsorption

e. an increase in water excretion

5.

An individual who is chromosomally XY, but does not have the SRY gene, will have the following phenotype (morphology):

Select one:

a. no gonads and female-like external genitalia

b. no Mullerian duct differentiation

c. ovaries and female-like internal and external genitalia

d. ovaries and male-like internal and external genitalia

e. testes and male-like internal and external genitalia

Andre the Giant had a somatotropinoma, which is a tumor that secretes too much hormone on it’s own (without the need of outside stimulation). Where would this tumor be located and what hormone is being secreted from this tumor (2 pts)? What hormone normally stimulates somatotroph cells (1 pts)? What happens next in this pathway (continue explaining the pathway as if there wasn’t a tumor) (5 pts)? What negative feedback should be affecting the somatotropinoma (3 pts), and why might it not be working (2 pts)? Why is this condition dangerous if not treated (2 pts)? One of the treatments for this type of tumor is somatostatin (SS), which actually also affects another pituitary pathway. What pathway also responds to SS, and specifically HOW is that pathway affected (2 pts)? Based on this information, what other hormonal disorders can SS be used to treat (note, we’re not asking about treatment of the somatotropinoma in this question) (1 pt)? 2 pts for essay formatting, grammar, spelling.