Using these data-Calculate Extracellular Volume (ECV) in liters :

Amount ofD20 injected, corrected for loss = 40 mg

Plasma D20 concentration = 1 mg / L

Amount of inulin injected, corrected for loss = 20 mg

Plasma inulin concentration = 2 mg/L

Amount of Evan's Blue injected, corrected for loss = 2.5 mg

Plasma Evan's Blue concentration = 1 mg/ L

Hematocrit (Hct) = 40%\

(please show your work)

Tony had his thyroid gland surgically removed when he was in his late twenties; now he is in his sixties. He takes Synthroid (thyroxine) pills daily and periodically has his blood levels checked for T4 and TSH.

E. Is thyroxine hydrophilic or hydrophobic? How is that related to whether or not Tony could take it as a pill (orally) instead of having to inject it?

H. How does the thyroxine in his pills affect his blood levels of TSH?

I. If the dose of his thyroxine pills is too low, what would happen to his blood levels of T4 and TSH?  

J. If the dose of his thyroxine pills is too high, what would happen to his blood levels of T4 and TSH?

Please include an explanation, thanks!

1. Explain the processes of carbohydrate and protein digestion indicating the site of the gastrointestinal tract, and the enzymes involved.

2. What are the major end products of carbohydrate digestion? How is each end product absorbed?

3. What are the mechanistic differences between skeletal muscle and smooth muscle contraction?

2. Which of the following, regarding the melanocyte, is false?

a) like all cells in the epidermis, it adjoins neighboring keratinocytes directly by desmosomal

connections – this ensures all elements of the skin resist tension maximally

b) both eumelanin and pheomelanin made by melanocytes undergo fast internal conversion of photoninduced

excitation to heat energy

c) melanosomes made by melanocytes are assembled along the exterior-facing surface of keratinocyte

nuclei

d) the ration of melanocyte to keratinocytes is roughly 1 to 36 for majority of the skin surface in

humans

e) relative melanocyte activation and the relative melanin subtype concentrations largely account of

the astonishing diversity of human skin coloration

Describe the difference between antigenic shift and antigenic drift in viral pathogens.

You cultured a population of mature B cells in the presence of antigen alone or antigen plus IL-2, IL-4, and IL-5 & neither population of B cells proliferated. What are the missing components?

Joints of the body (Cervical, Lumbar, Shoulder Girdle, Shoulder Joint, Elbow, Radioulnar, Wrist, Fingers, Hip, Knee, Ankle/Subtalar, Toes) and the phases of movement during a soccer kick

What is the movement occurring at each joint? which muscles are involved? are the contractions isometric, concentric, or eccentric?

How can you consciously tell the difference between a touch on the right arm versus a touch on the left foot?

What are two examples of visceral sensory receptors in the ANS. What stimuli do they measure and what responses by the CNS do they elicit.

Discuss the different functions of the kidneys, and the relevance of glomerular filtration rate (GFR) test in the assessment of their normal physiology.

Read the different renal functions and non-infectious pathologies to discuss the topic

A) Where does the blood brain barrier (BBB) exist? (state where it anatomically is) B) How are the capillaries at the BBB different from capillaries at the blood-CSF barrier, include where this blood-CSF barrier exists)  C) Why do they have this difference? D) Where does CSF flow as it circulates and what is its function? What anatomy is involved with the return of CSF to blood?

In the hospital, you see that an older patient has a positive Babinsky sign.  What does this look like?  This “positive” sign is not a good thing, what does it indicate regarding a tract? B) What information travels along this tract?  Where do neural signals originate along this tract, and what is the function of this area of the brain?  Explain the pathway for a neural signal to travel from that area of the brain to its destination, introducing relevant anatomy along the way.

2. When muscles are forced to contract against an immovable (heavy) load, the joint does not move. Imagine standing behind a car and trying to lift the back end off the ground with just your arms.   During such isometric muscle contractions, the small arteries that direct blood flow to the muscle are compressed.

1. Under such conditions, MAP rises rapidly (>150 mmHg) and disproportionate to the mass of muscle recruited. Describe a mechanism to explain how isometric contractions with a small muscle group could produce such a large increase in MAP.
2. What would be a beneficial effect to the muscles of raising MAP to that extent?