choose any topic related to biology and write a review article (4 pages max, double spaced, Times new roman, font size 12)

1. What is the mechanism of action for lipid-soluble hormones? Examples of lipid-soluble hormones.

2. What is the mechanism of action for water-soluble hormones? Examples of water-soluble hormones.

A 59-year-old man with headaches, double vision, dizziness, and ataxia

Chief Complaint

A 59-year-old, right-handed male was admitted to the hospital with a chief complaint of occipital headaches of 4 days duration.

History of Chief Complaint

Three days prior to admission, the patient noted a sudden onset of diplopia on forward gaze and a sensation of dizziness. These complaints resolved within twenty-four hours. He experienced several episodes of dizziness and diplopia over the next 24 hours. One day prior to admission he noted a relatively sudden onset of dizziness, diploia and clumsiness in the right hand. These complaints have persisted since that time.

Medical History

The patient had been under treatment for hypertension for 6 years duration with blood pressures in the range of 180/110.

General Physical Examination

The patient was alert, oriented, and cooperative; he was a well-nourished man of medium height who appeared his stated age. Funduscopic examination revealed clear optic disc with sharp borders. The external auditory canal was patent and uninflamed. Pharynx and larynx were non-reddened. A grade II/W bruit was present over the right carotid artery. His blood pressure was elevated (192/96). Peripheral pulses were intact at the ankle and wrist. Respirations were normal. His chest was clear to auscultation: skin was warm and of normal texture; abdomen was soft with no tenderness, lumps, or masses. No edema was present in the extremities; no lymphadenopathy was present in the cervical or inguinal areas.

Neurologic Examination

Mental Status. The patient was awake and oriented with respect to person, place, and time. Memory was appropriate for his age. Speech was articulate and meaningful and he could follow three and four-step commands.

Cranial Nerves. Extraocular movements were full, but tine patient complained of diplopia made worse by lateral gaze to the left. Nystagmus was present on left lateral gaze. The right pupil measured 3 mm, the left was 5 mm, but both responded to light and accommodation. Ptosis of the right eyelid and decreased sweating on the right side of the face (anhidrosis) were also present. Hearing was diminished in both ears to high frequencies. He admits to a feel of dizziness that he describes as the world moving around him. Pain, but not touch sensation, was decreased on the right side of the face with the exception of some sparing around the lips and nasal region. The right corneal reflex was diminished. Facial expressions were full and symmetric. The uvula deviated to tile left, and there was deficient elevation of the right side of the palate. There was also a suggestion of hoarseness.

Motor System. Strength was intact throughout the body; deep tendon reflexes were intact and symmetric. An ataxia was evident in the right upper extremity on finger-tapping, hand-patting, and finger-to-nose tests. A side-to-side intention tremor was present. Ataxia was also present in the right lower extremity, on heel-to-shin and tibia-tapping tests.

Sensory Examination: He had a mild analgesia to pinprick on the left side of the body, the left "'arm, and the left leg. Position, vibration, and touch modalities were intact throughout the entire body.

1. Does the patient exhibit a language or memory deficit or an alteration in consciousness or cognition? 2. Are signs of cranial nerve dysfunction present? If so, which cranial nerves? 3. Are there any changes in motor functions, such as reflexes, muscle tone, movement, or coordination? 4. Are any changes in sensory functions detectable? 5. Based on the answers to the above questions, at what level in the neuraxis is this lesion most likely located? 6. Is the pathology focal, multifocal, or diffuse in its distribution within the nervous system? 7. What is the clinical-temporal profile of the neurologic pathology in this patient: acute or chronic; progressive or stable? 8. Based upon your answers to the above two questions describe the pathology occurring in this patient. 9. If you feel this patient’s pathology is the result of a vascular accident, what vessels are most likely involved?

A. Define a buffer system and describe the three major buffer systems of the body fluids. Explain how a buffer system adjusts when either a strong acid or strong base is added to an aqueous solution (describe the relevant chemistry. Explain how modifying the rate and depth of ventilation can permit respiratory compensation for a metabolic acid-base disorder (describe the chemistry).

B. Compare and contrast the physiology of the human sexual response in the male and the female, including stimuli, nervous regulation, and effector targets. How are they similar and how are they different? How does this relate to reproductive developmental homology?

C. Discuss the structure and function of the juxtaglomerular apparatus. What factors determine GFR? Why is it so important to keep GFR stable? Explain in terms of nephron function. Briefly describe the autoregulatory mechanisms used in the kidney to maintain GFR on an ongoing basis.

D. Discuss the different mechanisms of reabsorption in the renal tubule. How are valuable nutrients reabsorbed from the filtrate? How are ions and water reabsorbed? In which parts of the renal tubule do these events occur? Distinguish between obligatory and facultative reabsorption.

Using these data-Calculate Extracellular Volume (ECV) in liters :

Amount ofD20 injected, corrected for loss = 40 mg

Plasma D20 concentration = 1 mg / L

Amount of inulin injected, corrected for loss = 20 mg

Plasma inulin concentration = 2 mg/L

Amount of Evan's Blue injected, corrected for loss = 2.5 mg

Plasma Evan's Blue concentration = 1 mg/ L

Hematocrit (Hct) = 40%\

(please show your work)

Tony had his thyroid gland surgically removed when he was in his late twenties; now he is in his sixties. He takes Synthroid (thyroxine) pills daily and periodically has his blood levels checked for T4 and TSH.

E. Is thyroxine hydrophilic or hydrophobic? How is that related to whether or not Tony could take it as a pill (orally) instead of having to inject it?

H. How does the thyroxine in his pills affect his blood levels of TSH?

I. If the dose of his thyroxine pills is too low, what would happen to his blood levels of T4 and TSH?  

J. If the dose of his thyroxine pills is too high, what would happen to his blood levels of T4 and TSH?

Please include an explanation, thanks!

1. Explain the processes of carbohydrate and protein digestion indicating the site of the gastrointestinal tract, and the enzymes involved.

2. What are the major end products of carbohydrate digestion? How is each end product absorbed?

3. What are the mechanistic differences between skeletal muscle and smooth muscle contraction?

2. Which of the following, regarding the melanocyte, is false?

a) like all cells in the epidermis, it adjoins neighboring keratinocytes directly by desmosomal

connections – this ensures all elements of the skin resist tension maximally

b) both eumelanin and pheomelanin made by melanocytes undergo fast internal conversion of photoninduced

excitation to heat energy

c) melanosomes made by melanocytes are assembled along the exterior-facing surface of keratinocyte

nuclei

d) the ration of melanocyte to keratinocytes is roughly 1 to 36 for majority of the skin surface in

humans

e) relative melanocyte activation and the relative melanin subtype concentrations largely account of

the astonishing diversity of human skin coloration

Describe the difference between antigenic shift and antigenic drift in viral pathogens.

You cultured a population of mature B cells in the presence of antigen alone or antigen plus IL-2, IL-4, and IL-5 & neither population of B cells proliferated. What are the missing components?

Joints of the body (Cervical, Lumbar, Shoulder Girdle, Shoulder Joint, Elbow, Radioulnar, Wrist, Fingers, Hip, Knee, Ankle/Subtalar, Toes) and the phases of movement during a soccer kick

What is the movement occurring at each joint? which muscles are involved? are the contractions isometric, concentric, or eccentric?

How can you consciously tell the difference between a touch on the right arm versus a touch on the left foot?

What are two examples of visceral sensory receptors in the ANS. What stimuli do they measure and what responses by the CNS do they elicit.