Q1. The apex of the lung makes contact with the diaphragm.

True or false

Q2.The vestibular folds are the primary vocal cords responsible for creating sounds.

True or false

Q3.The larynx becomes the trachea at what vertebral level?

a.C-3

b.T-3

c.C-6

d.T-6

Q.4 In the lungs, the alveoli are part of which zone?

a. transfer zone

b.diffusion zone

c. respiratory zone

d. conducting zone

What is the most likely level of prevention below?

Removal of pre-cancerous lesions on the skin

1. In passive processes, substances move _________ their concentration gradient from a ______ concentration to a __________, until they reach equilibrium.
2. Substances move across membranes based on what two chemical properties as discussed in class?
3. If the answer to #2 above prevents a substance from crossing the membrane, what may allow it to cross?
4.   What kind of particles cross the membrane in simple diffusion?________________________. What two dissolved gasses diffuse through the cell membrane? _________________________

5. Facilitated Diffusion relies on ___________ and _________ proteins. These proteins exhibit specificity, meaning they are __________________________.
6. What type of channel proteins are always open? _________________. What type open with an electrical signal? _____________________________.
7. Osmosis is a passive process, meaning water molecules move ________ their concentration gradient from a _________ to ___________ concentration towards _____________.
8. Osmolarity is simply   ___________________. Osmosis occurs when: __________ _____________________________________ .
9. If two solutions of different solute concentration are separated by a membrane, and the membrane is impermeable to the solute, water will move towards the solution with a ___________ solute concentration until the water concentration is ________ on both sides.
10. A _____________ solution has a solute concentration equal to that inside the cell. Water moves _______________the cell. A __________ solution has a solute concentration greater than inside the cell, and water moves ___________ the cell. A ____________ solution has a solute concentration less than inside the cell, and water moves _____________ the cell.
11. Filtration relies on __________ to force substances across membranes. In capillaries, this will take the form of ________________ or blood pressure.

Trace a molecule of oxygen from the time it enters the nasal cavity to its end point in the alveoli. Be sure to describe the function of each of the structures involved in this process.

Bob had his blood work done, and his AST and ALT levels were high. His AST was higher than his ALT. What condition might cause these enzymes to be elevated in that manner?

Explain how oxygen and carbon dioxide are transported from lungs to tissues and from tissues to lungs in the Respiratory System.

Which of the following would you not expect to be higher in a trained aerobic athlete?

a. The lactate threshold

b.The number of mitochondria in a given volume of muscle

c. Maximal heart rate

If I exercised at a high intensity for 5 minutes, at that point, what would be contributing the most energy production?

A. Glucose in the Liver

B. Glycogen in the Muscle

C. Glycogen in the Liver

D. FFA in the blood

It is known that glucose entering the blood from the digestive tract causes a more significant increase in the insulin content in the blood compared to the same amount of glucose, but administered intravenously. Explain this phenomenon, taking into account the results of the synthesis and secretion of insulin by beta-cells of the pancreatic islets of Langerhans.
For the answer:
1. Write the name of the molecules involved in regulating the secretion of insulin betta by the cells of the pancreas
2. describe the steps in the synthesis and secretion of insulin and the role of glucose in this process;
3. indicate which transmembrane mechanisms are used by the Gastric inhibitory polypeptide, the Glucagon-like peptide, which are secreted by the cells of the small intestine mucous membrane when carbohydrates and Cholecystokinin enter them to transmit signals to beta cells
4. why the effect of the Gastric inhibitory polypeptide and the glucagon-like peptide on beta cells appears earlier than the effect of the main activator of insulin secretion - glucose.

Animal Physiology Question

1. Smooth muscle, like striated muscle, utilizes Ca2+ as a signal molecule that can allow contraction to occur. However, smooth muscle does not have troponin or tropomyosin. Therefore, Ca2+ must interact with other proteins. Describe these relationships.

Animal Physiology Question

1. Describe the process of skeletal muscle contraction starting from an action potential being sent down a motor neuron to the contraction of the sarcomere.

Animal Physiology Question

1. A good pump always has a contraction-relaxation cycle that is completed before the next cycle. How is this achieved in cardiac muscle, providing the necessary details in terms of ion movement and tension generation in the muscle fibers? What feature of skeletal muscle would make it a terrible pump?

Animal Physiology Question

1. Describe the sliding filament model and how it allows for the movement of myosin along actin. Be sure to talk about the role of both ATP and Ca2+ .

Animal Physiology Question

1. Sperm rely on both microtubules and microfilaments for key biological processes. Explain the role of microtubules and dynein in movement of sperm. Explain the role of actin in the process of fertilization.