Question

1/ Which of the following processes occurs primarily in the oral cavity?

mastication

chemical digestion

physical digestion

absorption

defecation

2/Protein digestion begins in the

oral cavity

small intestine

large intestine

stomach

esophagus

3/Which of the following processes is NOT involved in the absorption of simple sugars across the small intestine?

secondary active transport

simple diffusion

facilitated diffusion

primary active transport

4/Lipid digestion begins in the

large intestine

oral cavity

esophagus

stomach

small intestine

5/Carbohydrate digestion begins in the

oral cavity

stomach

large intestine

esophagus

small intestine

6/The greatest number of different substances are absorbed in the

Pancreas

large intestine

small intestine

esophagus

stomach

7/Most of the carbon dioxide which is circulating in the blood stream is normally in the following from:

Carbaminohemoglobin

bicarbonate ion (HCO3-)

dissolved gas

calcium carbonate

8/If a person has a tidal volume of 600 and a respiratory rate of 10 breaths per minute assuming anatomical dead space is 100 ml.). what is their Minute Respiratory Volume?

5 L/ min

5.9L / (min)

6L / (min)

7L/min

9/Which of the following respiratory volumes are part of Inspiratory Capacity?

tidal volume and expiratory reserve volume

inspiratory reserve volume and residual volume

residual volume and expiratory reserve volume

tidal volume and inspiratory reserve volume

inspiratory reserve volume and expiratory reserve volume

10/ The sensor that has the greatest influence on the respiratory control center is

the central chemoreceptor.

the sensor.

the carotid bodies.

the aortic bodies

11/ The driving force for gas exchange across the alveoli is

facilitated diffusion

Osmosis

primary active transport

simple diffusion

secondary active transport

12/Which of the following muscles contributes the most to normal resting inspiration? diaphragm

external intercostals

Internal intercostals

rectus abdominus

13/The presence of Aldosterone in the kidney will result in

none of these

retention of water.

retention of sodium.

all of these

secretion of potassium.

14/ Which of the following nephron areas is freely permeable to water but not solute? collecting duct

ascending limb of the loop of Henie

descending limb of the loop of Henle

glomerulus

distal convoluted tubule

proximal convoluted tubule

15/The greatest amount of reabsorption happens in the

collecting duct

proximal convuluted tubule (PCT)

glomerulus

loop of Henle

distal convoluted tubule (DCT)

16/Which of the following processes happens primarily at the glomerulus?

Secretion

Reabsorption

filtration

distillation

17/During the process of secretion in the nephron small substances are moved

from the nephron to the blood.

by osmosis.

from the blood to the nephron.

by hydrostatic pressure.

18/Which of the following are normally excluded from the filtrate in the nephron?

amino acids

glucose

water

erythrocytes

urea

19/Just prior to ovulation the feedback loop between estrogen and the anterior pituitary gland is?

positive

negative

20/Testosterone is produced by?

mature sperm.

interstitial cells.

the anterior pituitary gland.

spermatogonia Sertoli cells

21/The purpose of meiosis is?

to generate haploid gametes.

to produce specialized cells to navigate the reproductive system.

to create four viable cells from one.

to generate diploid gametes

22/The male reproductive structure that contributes the most to the total volume of semen is the?

bulbourethral gland

seminal vesicle

Cowper's gland

prostate gland

testes

23/ Fertilization of an oocyte usually occurs in the?

uterus

uterine (fallopian) tube

vagina

ovary

24/Spermatogenesis occurs in the?

seminiferous tubules

epididymis

prostate gland

seminal vesicle

vas deferens

25/ Describe the basic functions of these areas of the nephron Glomerulus, Proximal Convoluted Tubule, Loop Henle, Distal Convoluted Tubule and Collecting Duct

26/ Describe the pathway of sperm in the Male Reproductive system and include the contributions of the accessory glands

27/ Describe the Counter-Current Multiplier of the kidney, include the contributions of the loop of Henle, the Vasa Recta and the Collecting Ducts. How does this mechanism allow the kidney to generate urine of different osmolarities (Hyper to Hypotonic).

28/ Describe the roles of the hypothalamus, anterior pituitary, ovaries and uterus in the cyclic creation of a suitable environment for implantation and nutritional support of a fertilized egg.

29/ Describe the functions and interactions of the circulatory endocrine and urinary systems in the regulation of body volume.

Answer 1

1) mastication , physical digestion

• Mechanical digestion or physical digestion involve , physically breaking the food particle into smaller molecules.
• Mechanical digestion begin in the mouth as we feed.
• Mastication is a process by which food is crushed and grounded by teeth.
• It is the first step of digestion and it increase the surface area of food.
• Option B is wrong, chemical digestion involves secretion hormone and causing breakdown of large food molecule into small food molecule, which mainly occur in small intestine , stomach etc
• Option D is wrong because , absorption occur in large intestine.
• Option E is wrong because Defecation is the process of removal of faeces, through anus.

2) stomach

• Proteins are large polymer composed of amino acids which are linked by peptide bond , which is then break down into amino acids.
• Digestion of protein occur in the stomach by the secretion of HCl , which breakdown into smaller polypeptide.
• Option A ,is wrong because there occur only carbohydrate and lipid digestion.
• Option B is wrong because ,where all the molecules(protein, carbohydrate ,lipid ) digestion occur but not begining of protein digestion.
• Option C is wrong, because main process involve absorption of water.
• Option E is wrong , because no digestion occur in this area.

3)primary active transport

• Primary active transport occur in the digestion of only lipid.
• It require energy for the absorption.
• Option A is wrong because Glucose and galactose are co-transported with sodium via secondary active transport into capillary blood in villi.
• Option C is wrong because ,Facilitated diffusion occur primarily for fructose absorption.
• Option B is wrong because simple sugars are sometimes absorbed by simple diffusion.

4) oral cavity

• Lipid digestion begins in the oral cavity by the enzyme lingual lipase.
• Lingual lipase is secreted from lingual gland which convert Triglycerides into free fatty acids and mono and diglycerides.
• Option A is wrong because main process involve absorption of water.
• Option C is wrong , no digestion in tis area.
• option D is wrong ,because protein digestion begins in the stomach.
• Option E is wrong because ,it is the area where all the molecules(protein, carbohydrate ,lipid ) digestion occur but not begining of lipid  digestion.