Ben's lungs have emphysema. What is the passage of oxygen in his lungs and his body?

19. Emulsification of lipids requires __ which are produced in the ___

a. bile salts; liver

b. enzymes; pancreas

c. acid; stomach

d. cholesterol; gallbladder

43. Which of the following hormones do not respond to hormones form the anterior pituitary

a. thyroxine

b. parathyroid hormone

c. cortisol

d. estrogen

7. Peristalsis movements ___ segmentation movements ___

a. churn and break apart for; propel food forward

b. propel food forward; churn and break apart food

c. both churn and break apart food

d. both propel food forward

match with the best description
ectoderm
mesoderm
placenta
embryo
blastocyst
cleavage

37. The combined symptoms of high metabolism, high CNS activity, and high body temperature would indicate excess secretion of:

a. cortisol

b. epinephrine

c. Growth hormone

d. Thyroid hormone (T3/T4)

5. The sub- mucosa layer of the digestive organs is most likely to

a. contain specialized glands, blood vessels and nerves

b. contain smooth muscle and myenteric plexus nerves

c. contain villi, microvilli and goblet cells

d. All of the above

21. During the intestinal phase digestion

a. chyme enters duodenum; decreased gastric secretion

b. food enters the stomach; mass movement in the large intestine

c. the thought of food is stimulated; pancreatic and gallbladder secretion

d. undigested waste enters the colon; absorption of water and salt

10. An organ that does NOT contain villi, has goblet cells, 2 layers of smooth muscle and does NOT provide mechanical or chemical; digestion is the:

a. stomach

b. small intestine

c. pancreas

d. large intestine

19. emulsification of lipids requires ___ which are produced in the ___

a. bile salts; liver

b. enzymes; pancreas

c. acid; stomach

d. cholesterol; gallbladder

Describe the function of the HPG axis and its role in regulation.

a. What exactly, is the HPG axis?

b. How does it regulate hormone release in males? In females?

c. How do the hormones regulated by the HPG axis influence spermatogenesis and oogenesis?

d. How long does it take to establish a balance of hormone regulation in males? In Females? Why?

You go for a long run on an extremely hot, humid day, and as such, you sweat way more than you typically would. Describe what is occurring to the water balance in your body, including:

a. An overview of the differences between the intracellular fluid and the extracellular fluid compartments

b. Movement of water/fluids between the compartments

c. The role of sodium in water balance, how it is regulated, and how sodium contributes to the body’s homeostatic equilibrium

d. Your body’s response to the disruption in water balance and how it is compensated for

Input/Circle correct answer where applicable.

a) The main class of enzymes that digest proteins are known as_______________. Endopeptidases causes bonds to break in the middle/end of peptides. Exopeptidases are important for cleaving off the terminal amino acids. For C-terminal amino acids _________-peptidases will be used while _________ -peptidases will cleave N-terminal amino acids. Examples of such enzymes are pepsin, which requires an alkaline/acidic environment in the _______________ in order to be functional, and _______________, found in pancreatic secretions, which requires an _______________ environment.

b) Ghrelin is an (orexigenic/anorexigenic) hormone. Its levels in the blood are (increased/decreased) during times of fasting or hypoglycemia and (increased/decreased) when blood glucose and amino acid levels are high. Ghrelin acts at the level of the stomach to (increase/decrease) gastric acid release and motility. With regards to its functions on food intake, the hormone that works as part of the “antagonistic pair” with ghrelin is _________.

c) Carbohydrate digestion mainly occurs in the ______________ and _______________ whereas protein/peptide digestion mainly occurs in the ______________ and ______________.

Describe how the body maintains acid-base equilibrium.

a. What mechanisms are used? Are these fast or slow responses?

b. How does each of these mechanisms contribute to acid-base balance? (i.e. what does it regulate and how?)

c. How does each of these mechanisms compensate for acidosis? For alkalosis?

Describe the phases and major steps of the ovarian and uterine cycles. Include:

a. Oocyte and follicle maturation and growth

b. The role of hormones and their subsequent effects

c. Differences between the cycles when fertilization occurs or does not occur

For Aaron's biceps muscle to be able to generate the same amount of tension as before the accident, the muscle fibers that were not damaged would need to generate more tension to make up for the fibers that were damaged. Explain how these healthy muscle fibers would do this. Would the Ca2+ concentration in the cytoplasm in the healthy muscle fibers need to increase or decrease to generate a stronger contraction? How does this happen?