Which of the following describes the production of red blood cells?

Select one:

a. The kidneys release erythropoietin which stimulates RBC production.

b. High oxygen levels stimulate the production of more red blood cells.

c. RBC production occurs in the lymph nodes.

d. The production of angiotensinogen is an intermediate step in making more red blood cells.

e. more than one answer is correct

Which of the following does NOT increase venous return to the heart?

Select one:

a. skeletal muscle pump squeezing blood through the veins

b. sympathetic nerve activity causing venous vasoconstriction

c. respiratory pump providing a pressure gradient between the lower veins and the chest veins

d. parasympathetic activity causing venous vasodilation

e. more than one answer applies

Which of the following statements is NOT true?

Select one:

a. Saltatory conduction occurs in myelinated nerve fibers.

b. Along any nerve cell membrane in between Schwann cells, action potentials are propagated by contiguous conduction.

c. Saltatory conduction is faster than contiguous conduction.

d. Myelin acts as an insulator to slow down the impulse.

4. Tell the story of digesting a cheeseburger

The hamburger bun: full of carbohydrates

The burger: full of protein

The cheese: full of lipids (remember the role of various important molecules, e.g. bile salts, chylomicrons, etc.)

For each of the parts of the burger, answer the following questions.

Identify any physical digestion processes

Identify the enzyme(s) used to chemically break down the macromolecule

Identify which organ or cell(s) release that enzyme

Identify where in the alimentary canal each enzyme is secreted into.

Describe how the respective monomer is finally absorbed into the blood stream.

2. Identify the effects of cholecystokinin on the following components of the digestive system:

a. Smooth muscle in the stomach

b. Acinar cells of the pancreas

c. Smooth muscle in the gallbladder

d. Smooth muscle in the duodenal papilla (sphincter of Oddi)

1. Identify the effects of the vagus nerve on the following components of the digestive system:

a. Salivary glands

b. Pyloric sphincter (gastric emptying)

c. Smooth muscle in the gallbladder

d. Smooth muscle in the duodenal papilla (sphincter of Oddi)

Name the two main metabolic mechanisms of heat generation employed below the thermoneutral zone.

Discuss fluid and electrolyte balance in the human body

The speed of signal propagation along an axon strongly depends on its two characteristics or parameters. What are they?

1. As fishes evolved in to amniotes, fertilzation:

   		evolved from external to internal
   		remained internal
   		evolved from internal to external
   		remained external

1 points   

QUESTIO14

1. Calcified teeth originated in the first:

   		vertebrates
   		gnathostomes
   		chordates
   		animals

1 points   

QUESTION13

1. When fossil evidence is taken to account, a bony skeleton appeared first in the:

   		first osteichthyans
   		first gnathostomes
   		first chordates
   		first vertebrates

1 points   

QUESTION 22

1. In most amniotes, the main site of gas exchange is the:

   		pharynx
   		skin
   		lungs

If the ECF is hypertonic with respect to the ICF, water will move

options:

in response to the sodium-potassium exchange pump

. in both directions until osmotic equilibrium is restored.

from the ECF into the cells until osmotic equilibrium is restored

. from the cells into the ECF until osmotic equilibrium is restored.

Proteins destined for the nucleus contain a "nuclear localization signal" or NLS. How does the the NLS direct the protein to the nucleus?

You have identified a new gene in the superchick stimulated growth factor pathway. Interestingly, both copies of the gene must be mutant in order for the phenotype of excessive growth to appear. Which of the following could explain the function of your gene?

John has an injury to the lower thoracic spinal cord experienced a loss of pain sensation on the right side of the lower body following the injury since ________?

a. the left side of the spinal cord contains neuronal bodies that transmit painful stimuli from both sides of the body.

b. thalamocortical neurons send collaterals that cross over the midline of the brain, innervating the somatosensory cortex on the contralateral side of the body from the lesion.

c. the nucleus gracilis receives input from the contralateral nociceptive DRG neurons

d. DRG neurons transmitting ascending nociceptive information cross over the midline of the spinal cord at the spinal segment receiving the input.

e. the right side is primarily innervated by TrkC-expressing neurons in left DRGs