1.

Short and long reflexes in the gastrointestinal track get their names due to the fact that short reflexes activate their downstream effectors for shorter periods of time.

Select one:

True

False

2.

Which of the following examples of applied immunology are correctly matched? Select all that apply.

Select one or more:

A. Receiving plasma from a COVID-19 survivor :: artificially acquired passive immunity

B. Receiving a vaccine :: artifically aquired active immunity

C. Surviving infection with chicken pox :: naturally acquired passive immunity

D. A baby nursing from their mother :: naturally acquired active immunity

3.

Which of the following glands is not involved in semen production?

Select one:

A. Greater vestibular gland

B. Seminal gland

C. Prostate gland

D. Bulbo-urethral gland

4.

Order the following processes of respiration in the correct sequence:

1) Transport of respiratory gases
2) External Respiration
3) Internal Respiration
4) Pulmonary Ventilation

Select one:

A. 4, 2, 1, 3

B. 1, 2, 4, 3

C. 2, 4, 1, 3

D. 2, 4, 3, 1

E. 1, 4, 3, 2

F. 4, 1, 2, 3

Briefly discuss the layers, chambers, valves, vasculature, and the conduction system of the heart

Name an example of a sensory receptor type that participates in cutaneous innervation and musculoskeletal innervation

Discuss how the blood, the cardiovascular system, and the muscular system as well as the respiratory system all contribute to respiration. Finally, discuss how breathed-in pollutants, such as smoke or asbestos, interfere with the respiration process and may lead to cancer.

Pseudostratified Ciliated Columnar Epithelial Tissue lines the:

Group of answer choices

Skin

Gastrointestinal Tract

Kidney tubules

Upper Respiratory Tract

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Question 41.5 pts

Which of the following is/are a function of the skin:

Group of answer choices

protection

temperature regulation

Vitamin D formation

sensation

All of the above are true.

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Question 5

Concentric rings of calcified matrix arranged around a central, Haversian Canal are called:

Group of answer choices

lamellae

lacunae

haversian canals

canaliculi

Question 6

Which of the following is/are true:

Group of answer choices

The thin outer connective tissue covering of bone is called the periosteum

Porous, spongy-like bone is called compact bone

The medullary cavity of a long bone in a child is filled with fat tissue.

The osteocytes in the outer lamellae are fed via canaliculi

More than one of the above is true

How does ATP act as a second messenger?

Chemistry

General reactions

1. Complex molecules are synthesized used __________; in this reaction, a chemical bond is formed when _________ is removed. The reaction that is used to complex molecules into simpler building blocks is called _________. In this reaction, bonds are broken when __________ is added. Reactions go faster when _________.
   

Carbohydrates

1. The simplest carbohydrates are called __________. Three common hexoses are ________. Sucrose is formed when ________. Lactose is formed when ________; and maltase is formed when _______. These three molecules are examples of ________. Humans and other animals store polysaccharides in the form of __________. Plants store polysaccharides as __________.

Lipids

1. Triglycerides are formed by the reaction of ________. This form of lipid is used for _______.
2. Phospholipids are formed by the combination of ___________. This form of lipid is mostly found in ________ where they form _________.
3. Cholesterol
   1. Cholesterol is used to form ________ such as ___________.
   2. Cholesterol and other lipids are transported by _________.
   3. High levels of __________ is associated with increased risk of heart disease whereas high levels of __________ is associated with improved cardiovascular health.

Proteins

1. Proteins are made up of _________. There are _________amino acids which differ by the _______. Amino acids that can’t be synthesized by the body are called ________; they must be obtained from the _______. Amino acids joined by ______.
2. The order of the amino acids in a protein is called its __________. Examples of secondary structure include ___________. Tertiary structure are is formed by _________. Quaternary structure is formed when _________.

Transport Across Cell Membranes

Passive and Active Transport

1. Passive transport across the cell membrane (requires/doesn’t require) ATP while active transport (requires/doesn’t require) ATP. Passive transport always occurs (down/against) the concentration gradient. Active transport always occurs (down/against) the concentration gradient

Diffusion

1. Diffusion is the movement of molecules from an area of __________ to an area of _________. This is an example of __________ transport. The rate of diffusion can be increased by ___________.

Osmosis and Osmolarity

1. Osmosis is the movement of _________ from __________ to __________. The osmolarity of a solution is defined as the _____________. The normal osmolarity of body fluids is _________. Iso-osmotic solutions have an osmolarity of _______; hypoosmotic solutions have an osmolarity ________ and hyperosmotic solutions have an osmolarity of ________.
2. _________ solutions cause water to enter cells which may cause __________; _________ cause water to leave cells which may cause __________; and _________ has no net effect of water movement across the cell membrane

Vesicular Transport

1. __________ is used to move materials into the cell. This includes _________ and _________. The process that expels materials from the cell is called _______.

Nucleic Acids, Transcription, Translation, Replication

Nucleic Acids

1. Nucleic acids are made up of __________. The two forms of nucleic acid are _________ and __________.
2. DNA is made of ________. The strands of DNA are held together by _______bonds between bases. Each adenine base is paired with a ________; and each _________ is paired with a ________. This form of base-pairing is called ________. DNA is organized as _______ inside the nucleus. The regions of the genome that code for a protein is called a _________.
3. RNA is made of __________. It is (single/double) stranded. _________ carries the codes that are responsible for making a protein. _________ transports amino acids; and ________ is a part of the ribosome. There are ________ codons which are formed by ______ nucleotides. Codons code for _______.

Transcription

1. Transcription describes the process of copying _______ into _________. The enzyme responsible for transcription is ___________. This process occurs in the ________. A single mRNA may code for several proteins due to __________ which is used to remove noncoding regions called _________.

Translations

1. Translation is the process of __________. The mRNA strand is read by the ________ which assembles the _________. The three steps of translation are _________. This process primarily occurs in the ________.

DNA replication

1. DNA replication occurs in the __________. In this process the DNA is unwounded by _________ and it is then copied by ___________. At the end of the process each new double-stranded DNA will have ____________. This is called _____________ replication.

Describe how the following consonants are produced, including specific muscles that are involved in their production.

            /t/

            /s/

            /k/

            /m/

            /th/

            /p/

Identify and describe the different types of committees and their functions, and assess their function in the lawmaking process.

________________are able to detoxify substances such as hydrogen peroxide by enzymatic action

What are the steps in the cell cycle? How is the cell cycle regulated? What happens in cancer cells?

Read the following case study and answer the following questions in two lines each.

Rachel has been getting episodes of diarrhea, abdominal pain and bloating lately. She can't figure out why. She has also been getting very tired and irritable. She was playing with her two-year old nephew the other day and when he bumped her nose it started bleeding. She has lost a bit of weight lately, but she thinks it might just be from the diarrhea she's been having. Once in awhile she'll get these awful migraines which is abnormal for her. She never even used to get mild headaches. One day her friends call her to see if she wants to go to a local brewery with them on Saturday. She excitedly says yes and can't wait to go check it out. Rachel and her friends have a blast at the new brewery. They try a bunch of different samples of the brewery's new draft releases. Later that evening when Taylor is at home she starts to get really bad abdominal pain and vomiting. She decides that she has had enough of these symptoms, and she makes an appointment with the doctor the next day. The doctor takes a few tests, one of them being a blood test, and finds that she has celiac disease.

• Why did she have severe symptoms after her trip to the brewery?
• How is celiac disease treated?
• What are the long-term effects if untreated?
• How common is this disease?
• What is the cause?