Question

5). Considering that genes can code only for RNA or proteins, how can the synthesis of nonprotein substances such as carbohydrates or steroids be under genetic control?

6). Explain the difference between compact and spongy bone, and describe their spatial relationship to each other.

7). Contrast the actions of acetylcholine (ACh), GABA and norepinephrine at their respective synapses.

8). Compare and contrast the composition and locations of gray and white matter in the spinal cord vs. the brain.

Answer 1

5. The genes could only produce the DNA and RNA by the simple processes of Transcription and Translation respectively. however, the genetic material is responsible for regulating all type of functions. This is important to understand that the enzymes, hormones and receptors in the body are made of proteins. Consider the process of glycolysis and gluconeogenesis or lipolysis. All these are chain of reactions that are part of carbohydrates and fat metabolic. However, all these functions occur under the effects of s-edifice enzymes and attachment of signalling molecules by signal transduction at receptor site. Even the transport of substance across membrane is guarded by proteins along with lipid molecules. Therefore, if any of the genetic activity is hampered in association with any proteinaceous substance associated with the carbohydrates and lipids and steroid metabolism, it will have direct impact in these molecules.