Explain why increasing one's maximum capacity to utilize oxygen (max VO2) decreases one's heart rate for any given sub-maximal workload.

Cathy, a 20-year-old college sophomore, visits the student health center complaining of nausea, vomiting, and extreme abdominal pain. She says the pain came on suddenly after a meal, so she is concerned about food poisoning. During the patient history, Cathy discloses that she is sexually active and has more than 10 sexual partners per year. She uses oral contraceptives as her primary method of birth control and does not rely on her partners to use condoms. Cathy has a past history of vulvovaginitis, cervicitis, and numerous STDs (chlamydia, syphilis, and genital herpes). Recently she has noticed a whitish vulva discharge with a strong odor that has increased in quantity over the past week. Cathy’s vital signs are as follows:

      Oral temperature = 101.4ºF (38.6ºC)

Heart rate = 78 beats/min

      Respiratory rate = 15 breaths/min

      Blood pressure = 150/86 mmHg

      A gynecological examination is performed. Palpation of the abdomen reveals abdominal guarding, rebound tenderness, and an enlarged, painful uterus. A surgical scar is also noted, and Cathy explains that her appendix was removed when she was a child. The external genitalia appear slightly edematous but are otherwise normal. Both the vulva and the cervix are slightly inflamed, and a purulent discharge is noted. A sample of the discharge is taken for culture, and a cell sample is taken from the external os for a Pap smear. During the pelvic examination, movement of the cervix creates abdominal discomfort, and the rectovaginal examination confirms the uterine enlargement noted upon palpation.

      Blood, fecal, and urethral samples are obtained. Blood tests reveal leukocytosis but no HIV antibodies. The Pap smear is negative, and the cultures are positive for Chlamydia and Neisseria gonorrhoeae. A pregnancy test (HCG assay) is negative. Ultrasound imaging of the pelvic cavity shows enlargement of the uterus and uterine tubes without pregnancy. Based on these test results, Cathy is diagnosed with pelvic inflammatory disease.

      Cathy is prescribed a combination of antibiotics and bed rest for 10 days. During this treatment period, she is told to refrain from intercourse. She is also advised to notify her partners about her condition and to encourage them to seek treatment. In addition, Cathy is told to return for a follow-up examination after completing her medication to ensure that the infections have been controlled. Finally, Cathy is encouraged to insist on condom use to minimize her chances of contracting STDs in the future. Because of her history of numerous STDs, she is warned that she is at increased risk for infertility due to uterine tube scarring as well as for uterine and cervical cancer.

1.Which of Cathy’s signs and symptoms are common to both pelvic inflammatory disease and appendicitis? Why is it important to rule out appendicitis?

2. What signs and symptoms support the diagnosis of PID?
3. Suppose Cathy says that in spite of her “wildness” in college, she just wants to “get it all out of my system, and then settle down and have kids after I graduate.” As her physician, what would you tell her about the relevance of her present behavior to her family plans?
4. Why are a Pap smear and an HIV test conducted?
5. Why do Cathy’s signs and symptoms rule out cervical, endometrial, and ovarian cancer?

What are the three types of specialized cells that can initiate the contraction cycle? Describe in detail the conduction pathway of each. What is the resulting heart rate for each?

What do you think the availability of birth control should be? Should the government set guidelines? Should the state set guidelines? Should an individual be allowed to decide if they want birth control, and if so, what kind? Explain your answer in detail.

How do joint angles differ between walking and running, particularly the knee and the hip?

1. Cheryl is a swimmer and before she swims a sprint event she voluntarily hyperventilates so she can hold her breath longer. Why might this practice work for sprint swimmers?   Would it be beneficial for a distance swimmer—why or why not?

Discuss skeletal muscle contraction beginning with the Action Potential arriving at the Neuromuscular junction and ending with relaxation. (Make sure to include which ion channels are activated and how, changes in membrane potential as a result of the movement of those ions, and WHERE ATP IS USED – 3 PLACES!!!).

Discuss the steps in generating an action potential in a neuron. (Make sure to include which ion channels are activated and how, changes in membrane potential as a result of the movement of those ions, the different phases seen in an action potential, and the movement of the action potential in relation to the anatomy of a neuron.).

Choose one homeostatic imbalance from Chapter 10 (the muscular system) and thoroughly discuss how it effects either skeletal muscle contraction or relaxation.

You measured the following information on a patient.
Blood volume = 5 liters, Hematocrit = 47%
Hemoglobin concentration = 12.3 g/dL whole blood
Total amount of oxygen carried in blood prior to incident = 1020 mL O2
Arterial plasma PO2 = 100 mm Hg
You know that when the patient’s PO2 is 100 mm Hg, the patient’s plasma contained 0.3 mL O2/dL and that hemoglobin was 98% saturated. Unfortunately, the patient reacted poorly to a treatment and a subsequent blood test revealed a hematocrit of 40%. Estimate what hemoglobin concentration (g/dL whole blood) would be needed to maintain the same level of total oxygenation measured prior to the reaction assuming no change in Hb carrying capacity before and after the incident? PLEASE UPLOAD A PDF OF YOUR WORK.

In a bicycle accident, a patient suffered a full-thickness skin wound of the forearm with an area of about 7 cm x 3 cm. Briefly describe the experimental strategy to engineer a 3-dimensional replacement tissue, considering (a)cell type, (b) biomaterial, (c) bioengineering technique, and (d) bioreactor

1. Describe heart development, starting at neurula stage. Relate genetics associated with congenital heart defects to this process