Question

In: Anatomy and Physiology

Hyperparathyroidism questions: 1. Based on what you know about the targets of parathyroid hormone, predict the...

Hyperparathyroidism questions:

1. Based on what you know about the targets of parathyroid hormone, predict the symptoms and complications of hypersecretion of this hormone.

2. Where would the dysfunction be occurring in this condition?

3. Identify the actual complications by searching online: Why would these complications occur?

4. How could this condition be diagnosed?

Solutions

Expert Solution

1. the targets of parathyroid hormone are

  • bone - it activates the osteoclasts and causes bone resorption and increases blood calcium
  • intestine - it causes increase in the absorption of dietary calcium and increases blood calcium
  • kidney - it causes reabsorption of calcium and promotes excretion of phosphate and increases the synthesis of vitamin d .

now coming to the question hypersecretion of parathyroid hormone causes symptoms and complications like -

  • renal deposition of calcium leading to renal stones which may present as flank pain, pain during micturition and if it progresses it may lead to renal failure
  • osteitis fibrosa cystica it is bone manifestation in which bony swelling with subperiosteal resorption occur .
  • weakness
  • abdominal pain
  • depression
  • fragile bones
  • excess urination
  • osteoporosis
  • cardiac dysfunction
  • neuropsychiatric disorders

2. In hyperparathyroidism the dysfunction is usually in the parathyroid gland in the form of adenoma, carcinoma and parathyroid hyperplasia which can be seen in multiple endocrine neoplasia .

if hyperparathyroidism occur due to renal dysfunction it is called secondary hyperparathyroidism. it occur because in renal failure calcium absorption decreases and it acts as trigger for production of parathyroid hormone.

3. complications of hyperparathyroidism are :

  • renal failure
  • osteoporosis leading to easy fractures
  • neuropsychiatric manifestations like depression and psychosis
  • cardiac dysfunction leading left ventricular failure

4. diagnosis is based on serological testing of parathyroid hormone levels by immunometric assays . serum levels of phosphate may be low or normal . serum calcium regular monitoring is needed

some tests which were previously used but now reduced are urine calcium and phsopate .


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