Question

Use the modified abstract below to answer the following question: OBJECTIVES: The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and M. tuberculosis co-infection is a major global challenge. It is not properly clear why some HIV-positive people are co-infected with tuberculosis (TB) while others are not. This study answered this question. METHODS: This case-control study was conducted in Tehran, Iran, in June 2004, enrolling 2388 HIV-positive people. Cases were selected from those who were co-infected with TB and controls from those without TB. Multiple logistic regression analysis was performed to assess the association between M. tuberculosis/HIV co-infection and several predictors. RESULTS: In this study, 241 cases were compared with 2147 controls. Sex, age, marital status, educational level, imprisonment, smoking, narcotic addiction, route of HIV transmission, previous TB infection, isoniazid preventive therapy (IPT), antiretroviral therapy (ART), and CD4 count were independently associated with M. tuberculosis/HIV co-infection. However, after adjusting for all other variables in the model, only the association between M. tuberculosis/HIV co-infection and the following predictors were of importance: imprisoned (OR=3.82), previous TB infection (OR=5.54). CONCLUSIONS: Conclusions: Several predictors are associated with M. tuberculosis/HIV co-infection, but, there are only a few indicators that significantly affect the risk of M. tuberculosis/HIV co-infection. It is estimated that a number of predictors of M. tuberculosis/HIV co-infection still remain unknown and require further investigations.

Which of the following measures of effect are statistically significant? Select all that apply.

Odds Ratio = 5.0, p-value = 0.04

Incidence Density Ratio = 2.0, 95% CI [0.9 - 3.1]

Attributable Risk = 0.5, 95% CI [0.1 - 1.1]

Population Attributable Risk = 0.1, 95% CI = [-0.1, 0.2]

Cumulative Incidence Ratio = 0.5, 95% CI = [0.1 - 0.9]

Odds Ratio = 20, p-value = 0.2

Answer 1

Use the modified abstract below to answer the following question: OBJECTIVES: The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and M. tuberculosis co-infection is a major global challenge. It is not properly clear why some HIV-positive people are co-infected with tuberculosis (TB) while others are not. This study answered this question. METHODS: This case-control study was conducted in Tehran, Iran, in June 2004, enrolling 2388 HIV-positive people. Cases were selected from those who were co-infected with TB and controls from those without TB. Multiple logistic regression analysis was performed to assess the association between M. tuberculosis/HIV co-infection and several predictors. RESULTS: In this study, 241 cases were compared with 2147 controls. Sex, age, marital status, educational level, imprisonment, smoking, narcotic addiction, route of HIV transmission, previous TB infection, isoniazid preventive therapy (IPT), antiretroviral therapy (ART), and CD4 count were independently associated with M. tuberculosis/HIV co-infection. However, after adjusting for all other variables in the model, only the association between M. tuberculosis/HIV co-infection and the following predictors were of importance: imprisoned (OR=3.82), previous TB infection (OR=5.54). CONCLUSIONS: Conclusions: Several predictors are associated with M. tuberculosis/HIV co-infection, but, there are only a few indicators that significantly affect the risk of M. tuberculosis/HIV co-infection. It is estimated that a number of predictors of M. tuberculosis/HIV co-infection still remain unknown and require further investigations.

Which of the following measures of effect are statistically significant? Select all that apply.

significant

Odds Ratio = 5.0, p-value = 0.04   ( p value < 0.05)

Incidence Density Ratio = 2.0, 95% CI [0.9 - 3.1] (95% CI contains value 1)

significant

Attributable Risk = 0.5, 95% CI [0.1 - 1.1] (95% CI does not contain 0 value)

Population Attributable Risk = 0.1, 95% CI = [-0.1, 0.2] (95% CI contain 0 value)

significant

Cumulative Incidence Ratio = 0.5, 95% CI = [0.1 - 0.9] (95% CI does not contain value 1)

Odds Ratio = 20, p-value = 0.2 ( p value >0.05)