Cash vs. Accrual Accounting: Explain the difference between the cash basis, modified cash basis, and the accrual basis measures of performance. Provide examples of accounts that are treated differently under the three methods. Be sure to review the related PowerPoint Presentation in the Unit 3 Presentations/Lectures and in the Supplementary Materials. Why, in most cases, does accrual basis net income provide a better measure of performance than cash basis net income? Explain the purpose of adjusting entries as they relate to the difference between cash and accrual accounting. Which generally accepted accounting principle (GAAP) rule does accrual accounting fulfill

NewTech Medical Devices is a medical devices wholesaler that commenced business on June 1, 20X1. The company purchases merchandise for cash and on open account. In June 20X1, NewTech Medical Devices engaged in the following purchasing and cash payment activities:

Required:
Journalize the transactions in a general journal.


Analyze:
What was the amount of trade discounts received on the June 15 purchase from Park Research?

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Starbooks Corporation provides an online bookstore for electronic books. The following is a simplified list of accounts and amounts reported in its accounting records. The accounts have normal debit or credit balances. Assume the year ended on September 30, 2018.

Classify the following costs as Direct or Indirect costs.

The foreman’s salary

Supplies

Depreciation of factory equipment

Leather used in the manufacture of shoes

Lubricants for machines

Fringe benefits (an extra benefit supplementing an employee's salary)

Wood in making furniture

Glue in tube making

FICA tax

Janitorial supplies

Classify the following costs as Variable or Fixed in terms of their behavior with respect to volume or level of activity.

Property taxes

Sales agent’s salary

Direct materials

Insurance

Depreciation

Sales agent’s commission

Rent

Classify the following costs as either Manufacturing, Selling, or Administrative expenses in terms of their functions.

Factory supplies

Shipping

Advertising

Employer’s payroll taxes - factory

Employer’s payroll taxes - sales office

Auditing expenses

Rent on general office building

President’s salary

Legal expenses

Samples

Small tools

Sanding materials used in furniture making

Cost of machine breakdown

Classify the following costs as Product Costs or Period Expenses.

                           [ Select ]                       ["Product", "Period", "", ""]          Pears in a fruit cocktail

                           [ Select ]                       ["Product", "Period"]          Fringe benefits - general office

                           [ Select ]                       ["Product", "Period"]         Workers’ compensation

                           [ Select ]                       ["Product", "Period"]         Legal fees

                           [ Select ]                       ["Product", "Period"]         Social Security taxes-direct labor

                           [ Select ]                       ["Product", "Period"]         Insurance on office equipment

                           [ Select ]                       ["Product", "Period"]          Travel expenses

                           [ Select ]                       ["Product", "Period"]         Advertising expenses

                           [ Select ]                       ["Product", "Period"]         Rework on defective products

Management of Baldwin Equipment Inc. is considering increasing the productivity of its plant. Management heard from suppliers that a certain piece of equipment could have an after-tax cash flow savings of more than $35,000 a year if it was installed in Baldwin’s plant. However, Jim Henderson, the controller of the company, is unsure whether the company should buy or lease the equipment. If the asset is leased for a 10-year period, it would cost the company $45,000 a year (before tax). The company’s income tax rate is 50%. If the company buys the asset, it would cost $300,000 and be financed entirely through debt for 10 years at a cost of 10%.The asset’s capital cost allowance is 25% (declining basis). On the basis of this information, Jim is now considering whether to purchase or lease the equipment. He is consid- ering doing a sensitivity analysis regarding the two options by modifying some of the data in the information presented above.

Question On the basis of the following, calculate the effect that each individual change would have on the decision.

Changes to the base case (the information given above) are as follows: • • • Capital cost allowance would be increased to 40%. The interest on the loan would be 8%. The company would be able to sell the asset for $50,000 in the tenth year.

Problem 16-7 Multiple differences; calculate taxable income; balance sheet classification [LO16-4, 16-6, 16-8]

Sherrod, Inc., reported pretax accounting income of $90 million for 2018. The following information relates to differences between pretax accounting income and taxable income:

1. Income from installment sales of properties included in pretax accounting income in 2018 exceeded that reported for tax purposes by $3 million. The installment receivable account at year-end had a balance of $4 million (representing portions of 2017 and 2018 installment sales), expected to be collected equally in 2019 and 2020.
2. Sherrod was assessed a penalty of $2 million by the Environmental Protection Agency for violation of a federal law in 2018. The fine is to be paid in equal amounts in 2018 and 2019.
3. Sherrod rents its operating facilities but owns one asset acquired in 2017 at a cost of $100 million. Depreciation is reported by the straight-line method assuming a four-year useful life. On the tax return, deductions for depreciation will be more than straight-line depreciation the first two years but less than straight-line depreciation the next two years ($ in millions):

4. Warranty expense of $5 million is reported in 2018. For tax purposes, the expense is deducted when costs are incurred, $3 million in 2018. At December 31, 2018, the warranty liability was $3 million (after adjusting entries). The balance was $1 million at the end of 2017.
5. In 2018, Sherrod accrued an expense and related liability for estimated paid future absences of $10 million relating to the company’s new paid vacation program. Future compensation will be deductible on the tax return when actually paid during the next two years ($7 million in 2019; $3 million in 2020).
6. During 2017, accounting income included an estimated loss of $4 million from having accrued a loss contingency. The loss is paid in 2018 at which time it is tax deductible.

Balances in the deferred tax asset and deferred tax liability accounts at January 1, 2018, were $2.0 million and $3.6 million, respectively. The enacted tax rate is 40% each year.

Required:
1. Determine the amounts necessary to record income taxes for 2018 and prepare the appropriate journal entry.
2. What is the 2018 net income?
3. Show how any deferred tax amounts should be classified and reported in the 2018 balance sheet.

Transfer pricing is a contentious issue for almost any company where divisions buy from or sell to each other. Stated another way, transfer pricing causes more conflict between divisions than almost any other issue. Does your company use transfer pricing to "charge" divisions for the cost of the products they consume? Are these prices set equal to the opportunity cost of the product? Why or why not? Can you think of a better organizational architecture?

The production department in a process manufacturing system completed 88,000 units of product and transferred them to finished goods during a recent period. Of these units, 26,400 were in process at the beginning of the period. The other 61,600 units were started and completed during the period. At period-end, 16,400 units were in process.

Prepare the department’s equivalent units of production with respect to direct materials under each of the three separate assumptions using the FIFO method for process costing

Jul

6 Cohen invested $149,000 in the business, which in turn issued its common stock to her

9 the business paid cash for land cost in $62,000 calling plans to build an office building on the land

12 The business purchased medical supplies for $1700 on account

15-31 During the rest of the month, Cohen treated patients and arned service revenue of $9,000, recieving cash fo rhalf the revenue earned.15 dr. Christine Cohen, P.C. officially opened for business

15-31 The business paid cash expenses: employee salaries, $3000:office rent, $700: utilities, $1100

31 The business sold supplies to another physician for the cost of $900 and recieved cash

31 The business borrowed $34,000, signing a note payable to the bank

31 The business paid $700 on account

1. After journalizing the transactions in the previous exercise, post the entries to the ledger, using T-accounts. Key transactions by date.

2. Prepare the trial balance of Dr Kristine COhen, P.C., at July 31, 2016.

3. From the trial balance, determine total assets, total liabilities, and total stockholders' equity on July 31.

Requirement 1. Analyze the effects of these events on the accounting equation of the medical practice of Dr.

Cohen​,

Begin with the first transaction on

July

6. ​(Use parentheses or a minus sign when decreasing accounts. If a box is not used in the table leave the box​ empty; do not enter a zero. Enter the transactions in the same order as they appear in the original​ list.)

please tell me type of equity: Types of equity transactions: Dividends, Issued Stock, Rent Expense, Salary Expense, Service Revenue, Utilities Expense

Bridgeport Warehouse distributes suitcases to retail stores and extends credit terms of n/30 to all of its customers. Bridgeport Warehouse uses a periodic inventory system the earnings approach. At the end of June its inventory consisted of 41 suitcases purchased at $36 each. During the month of July, the following merchandising transactions occurred:

Problem 15-4 Finance/sales-type lease; lessee and lessor [LO15-1, 15-2, 15-3] Rand Medical manufactures lithotripters. Lithotripsy uses shock waves instead of surgery to eliminate kidney stones. Physicians’ Leasing purchased a lithotripter from Rand for $1,750,000 and leased it to Mid-South Urologists Group, Inc., on January 1, 2018. (FV of $1, PV of $1, FVA of $1, PVA of $1, FVAD of $1 and PVAD of $1) (Use appropriate factor(s) from the tables provided.) Lease Description: Quarterly lease payments $ 114,201—beginning of each period Lease term 5 years (20 quarters) No residual value; no purchase option Economic life of lithotripter 5 years Implicit interest rate and lessee's incremental borrowing rate 12% Fair value of asset $ 1,750,000 Required: 1. How should this lease be classified by Mid-South Urologists Group and by Physicians' Leasing? 2. Prepare appropriate entries for both Mid-South Urologists Group and Physicians' Leasing from the beginning of the lease through the second rental payment on April 1, 2018. Adjusting entries are recorded at the end of each fiscal year (December 31). 3. Assume Mid-South Urologists Group leased the lithotripter directly from the manufacturer, Rand Medical, which produced the machine at a cost of $1.5 million. Prepare appropriate entries for Rand Medical from the beginning of the lease through the second lease payment on April 1, 2018.

Dover Chemical Company manufactures specialty chemicals by a series of three processes, all materials being introduced in the Distilling Department. From the Distilling Department, the materials pass through the Reaction and Filling departments, emerging as finished chemicals. The balance in the account Work in Process—Filling was as follows on January 1: Work in Process—Filling Department (3,400 units, 30% completed): Direct materials (3,400 x $18.2) $61,880 Conversion (3,400 x 30% x $11.8) 12,036 $73,916 The following costs were charged to Work in Process—Filling during January: Direct materials transferred from Reaction Department: 43,900 units at $17.9 a unit $785,810 Direct labor 273,870 Factory overhead 263,128 During January, 43,500 units of specialty chemicals were completed. Work in Process—Filling Department on January 31 was 3,800 units, 50% completed.

1. Prepare a cost of production report for the Filling Department for January. If an amount is zero, enter "0". If required, round your cost per equivalent unit answers to two decimal places.

2. Journalize the entries for (1) costs transferred from Reaction to Filling and (2) the cost transferred from Filling to Finished Goods.

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2. Remember that there are three types of inventory; materials, work in process, and finished goods. What costs are captured in the work in process account? Are these units 100% complete or are they being transferred to another department?

3. Determine the increase or decrease in the cost per equivalent unit from December to January for direct materials and conversion costs. If required, round your answers to two decimal places.

4. Discuss the uses of the cost of production report and the results of part (3).

The cost of production report may be used as the basis for allocating product costs between Work in Process  and Finished Goods . The report can also be used to control costs by holding each department head responsible for the units entering production and the costs incurred in the department. Any differences in unit product costs from one month to another, such as those in part (3), can be studied carefully and any significant differences investigated.

Frannie Fans currently manufactures ceiling fans that include remotes to operate them. The current cost to manufacture 10,060 remotes is as follows:

Frannie is approached by Lincoln Company which offers to make the remotes for $18 per unit.

Required:

1. Compute the difference in cost between making and buying the remotes if none of the fixed costs can be avoided. What is the change in net income?

2. Compute the difference in cost between making and buying the remotes if $20,120 of the fixed costs can be avoided. What is the change in net income?

3. What is the change in net income if fixed cost of $20,120 can be avoided and Frannie could rent out the factory space no longer in use for $20,120?