Question

In: Anatomy and Physiology

Which vessels typically carry blood away from the heart? Place in order from superficial to deep...

  1. Which vessels typically carry blood away from the heart?
  2. Place in order from superficial to deep the three tunics of a typical blood vessel.
  3. Which capillary would be least likely to allow substances to enter or exit the blood due to tight junctions that join the endothelial cells?
  4. What provides peripheral resistance?
  5. What will decrease peripheral resistance?
  6. What two values are needed to calculate mean arterial pressure (MAP)?
  7. What causes water to cross capillary beds from high to low hydrostatic?
  8. What is the fluid movement when hydrostatic pressure exceeds colloid osmotic pressure at the arteriolar end of the capillary?
  9. What is blood pressure equivalent to?
  10. What is some of the fluid that is forced out of capillaries returned to the blood by?
  11. What is the outward force that blood exerts on the walls of blood vessels?
  12. Which neurotransmitter decreases heart rate, and thus cardiac output and blood pressure?
  13. How do parasympathetic neurons in the medulla respond to increased blood pressure?
  14. Which stimulus is detected by a chemoreceptor?
  15. What hormone is released to decrease blood pressure?
  16. Sheena's B lymphocytes (B cells) produced antibodies to protect her about 3-5 days after she was exposed to a virus. What type of immunity do antibodies provide?
  17. What should NOT elicit an immune response in your own body?
  18. What initiates T cell activation?
  19. Where do B cells develop and mature?
  20. What are the five basic classes of antibodies?
  21. What do Vaccinations involve exposure to an antigen to elicit?
  22. What secretes antibodies?
  23. What type of immunity exists even in the absence of a stimulus?
  24. What organ is responsible for producing most of the plasma proteins known as the complement system?
  25. What can cancer cells release to suppress T cell activity?

Solutions

Expert Solution

1. The arteries carries the blood from the heart to the various parts of the body.The blood from the heart is pumped out through the aorta which is a major artery in the body.

2. The layers of a typical blood vessel are

  • tunica intima - It is the outermost layer of aa blood vessel.It is formed by simple squamous epithelium which is surrounded by connective tissue basement membrane.
  • tunica media- It is the middle layer of the blood vessel and is made up of smooth muscle fibres.It is the thickest layer of the blood vessel.
  • tunica adventitia - It is the outermost layer and is a connective tissue layer formed by elastic and collagenous fibers.

3.continuous capillaries : In this type of capillaries an uninterrupted lining will be provided by the endothelial cells and as a result only small molecules and ions can pass through them.

4.The peripheral resistance is the resistance experienced by the blood flowing through the arteries.It is mainly due to the diameter of the blood vessels and the viscosity of the blood flowing through the vessels.

5.The peripheral vascular resistance is decreased dy the following factors

  • Increase in the vascular diameter
  • Decrease in the blood viscosity
  • Beta blocker drugs
  • Diuretics

6.Mean arterial pressure is the mean arterial pressure that occurs in the body of an individual during a complete cardiac cycle.

For the calculation of the mean arterial pressure we must know the systemic and diastolic blood pressures.

The mean arterial pressure is calculated by the equation


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