Question

1.. What virus factors contribute to highly pathogenic avian influenzas virus (HPAIV) virulence in humans versus that of seasonal influenzas? A virus (IAVB)?

2.What are the innate immune sensor molecules in host respiratory epithelial cells and alveolar macrophages?

3.. What is/are the result/results in an infection when complement tags the pathogen?

4. Which interferons act early in virus infection?

5.What role has been suggested for interferon-beta (IFN-β) in OVID-19 infection?

6.Describe the events suggested for severe COVID-19 infection?

Answer 1

1. Highly pathgenic avian influenzas virus (HPAIV) are massive, negative sense RNA viruses having a segmented genome and belonging to Orthomyxoviridae own family. Home and wild birds are the foremost reservoir of these viruses. There are in reality masses of HPAI strains , however, best four have been proven to cause contaminations in humans,  H5N1, H7N3, H7N7 and H9N2 sickness in people is commonly mild, except for the H5N1 virus. which has answerable for some of the human deaths following outbreaks. The capacity of spread f this virus through the meals chain has been concern due to the fact the virus seems to live to tell the tale on imported meat.

2. The innate immune sensor molecules that are present in host epithelial cells are Keratinocytes, defensins (antimicrobial peptides) and Myeloid c type lectins. The innate immune sensor molecules present in alveolar macrophages are Myeloid ReIA regulates pulononary , cytokines including interleukin(IL), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-a) .

3. In an infection when complement tags pathogen:

a) stimulates basophil

b) mast cell degranulation (release redness, warm temperature, swelling etc.)

c) attracting the cells of the immune system to the web of diseases.

4. Type I Interferons IFNAR (Interferon alpha beta receptor)

5. Type I Interferons' role in Co-vid 19 infection:

1. They arrests or delays viral replication.

2. reduces the occurence of complications following ARDS by way of improving vascular leakage, further to the antiviral interest,

3, It will increase the expression of the CD -73 protein which could enhance the outlook in patients.  

6. Events suggested for severe Co-vid 19:

1. Temperature screening.

2. Promoting hand wash, respiratory hygiene

3. Social distancing

4. Remaining indoors

5, collecting health declarations and tracing contacts.

6. Advice and alert awareness to the public.