A competing commercial effort to sequence the human genome was initiated by the company Celera in 1997. How was their approach different from the Human Genome Project?

• A. Libraries of individual chromosomes were generated and overlapping clones were isolated before sequencing.
• B. They used sequence tagged sites (STS) and expression sequence tags (EST) to order contigs prior to sequencing.
• C. They sequenced the entire genome from one female donor.
• D. They generated overlapping clones from YAC and BAC libraries that were identified by hybridization and organized into long contiguous stretches called contigs.
• E. They used a whole-genome shotgun sequencing method that eliminates the step of assembling a physical map of the genome.

11. Two hypothetical populations of rabbits live on a mountain, one at low elevation and the other at high elevation. Rabbits at the low elevation experience a mild climate and have short fur, whereas rabbits at the high elevation are exposed to cold conditions and have long fur. There are no geographic barriers separating the ranges of two populations.

An ecologist finds that in both the low and high elevation populations, there are a few rabbits that have intermediate fur length. She notes that the rabbits with intermediate fur length can successfully mate and produce offspring with rabbits that have short or long fur.

What is the most likely explanation for why some rabbits have intermediate fur length?

A) The rabbits with intermediate fur length are a seperate species.

B) The population at low elevation is experiencing genetic drift.

C) The rabbits with intermediate fur length live in a different area and are migrating through the two populations.

D) There is a gene flow between the low and high elevation populations.

1.) During Phloem transport, which of the following occur at, or close to the SINK? Select all that apply

a. Sugars move out of sieve tubes by active transport.

b. Sugars move into sieve tubes by active transport.

c. Water moves from the xylem into the sieve tubes

d. Water moves from phloem into the xylem.

e. Solution in sieve tubes becomes hypertonic

f. Solution in sieve tubes becomes hypotonic.

g. Tugor pressure decreases

h. Tugor pressure increases

A species of mouse F1 testcross gave rise to the F2 phenotypes:

Short hair wildtype, short tail 625 Short hair wildtype, long tail wildtype 48 Long hair, long tail wildtype 645 Long hair, short tail 39

Q1. a) Do the genes appear to be linked? Answer yes, no, or maybe. 1 mark b) Explain your answer. 2 marks

Q2. a) What do the phenotype numbers tell you about recombination frequencies of these alleles during meiosis? 1 mark

b) How does this relate to linkage? 2 marks

Q3. What is the genotype of the testcross individual? 2 marks

Q4. What is the genotype of the F1 female? 2 marks

To avoid the loss of terminal sequences different organisms use different strategies to replicate their DNA.

A. What features of the chromosome does E. coli have to circumvent this problem? Provide a detailed answer.

B. What strategy do prokaryotes use to replicate linear chromosomes to circumvent this problem? Provide a detailed answer.

C. What strategy do eukaryote use to replicate chromosomes to circumvent this problem? Provide a detailed answer.

What are the functions of fats and lipids list 5 things

Distinguish between "good" and "bad" cholesterol. In your discussion, include descriptions of HDL and LDL explaining which type of cholesterol is detrimental to your health and why.

Format: 12 point font, Times New Roman, double-spaced, APA format.

1. Which checkpoint and phase of the cell cycle is the expression of BRCA1 and BRCA2 the greatest? What is the function of BRCA1 and why would it make sense that its expression is high at the checkpoint/phase of the cell cycle?

2. Outline the two parts of the eukaryotic cell cycle and describe the three main checkpoints in cell cycle regulation.

1. Louis Pasteur noted that microbes (which can grow either anaerobically or aerobically) consumed large amounts of glucose when grown without oxygen, forming lactic acid. However, when an excess of oxygen was supplied, the concentration of lactic acid decreased as well as the consumption of glucose. Known as the “Pasteur Effect,” explain this phenomenon

2.DPN is used as a drug to treat obesity, working as a proton uncoupler to diminish the proton gradient needed for ATP synthesis because of oxidative phosphorylation.

a.) Why would this drug be effective in weight loss?

b.) Why would its use be dangerous to your health? Note that there are two questions being asked here.

Replication of the E. coli chromosome starts at a particular point, the origin of chromosomal replication (oriC) and proceeds bidirectionally around the circular chromosome.

A. Describe how the strands at oriC are separated to allow replication of the chromosome.

B. Once the replication is initiated the process of bidirectional semi-discontinuous DNA replication occurs. Describe this process.

Describe each of the four classes of macromolecules (large polymers) of living things, carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids. Include the following items. monomer units (not for lipids) function and location of molecule in living things one example of each class of macromolecule (examples of proteins - amylase, collagen) describe the structure of each class.

1. What is immunotherapy and why are people so excited about it?

2. When Bill received a cancer diagnosis, his physician told him about the grade and stage of the tumor. Which of these is most likely to convey information about the degree of metastasis?

3. Susie's doctor discovers a lump in her breast at her yearly physical exam. He sends her to an X-ray clinic for a mammogram. Is the mammogram she gets an example of cancer screening? Why or why not? If not, what is the term which best describes what is happening at the X-ray clinic?

4. Radiation can be used to detect cancers, and radiation can be used to treat cancers. How is this possible? What are some of the downsides of using radiation for detection and treatment?

5. In the early days of cancer surgery, women with breast cancer were subjected to "radical mastectormies" in which significant amounts of their chest and shoulder were removed in addition to their breast tissue. These surgical methods were painful and dangerous, and, it turns out, not effective in promoting longer life in the patients. What do you think was the motivation for these radical surgeries, and why do you think they were not effective?

6. Thyroid cancer can be treated by giving patients radioactive iodine. Why is this effective?

7. How can the effectiveness of alternative or complementary therapies be determined scientifically?

Are all genes turned on all the time in all cells? Why or why not? (write down).

Explain (write down) What makes a cell cancerous?