Kidney stones occur when solid material blocks the flow of urine
in the renal system. Although there are many causes, Ca2+ is a
common component of the stone itself. If left untreated, Kidney
stones can lead to renal failure. You are a Nephrologist treating a
patient who has already had one kidney removed. They report that
they have experienced nausea, vomiting, and swelling of the
extremities (edema.) An MRI shows a kidney stone which has
completely blocked the ureter of...