Write a paragraph commenting on the amount of pressure applied by the cytoplasm and cell membrane against the cell wall under, Turgid state and a state of plasmolysis in an Elodea cell(s) ( the state of plasmolysis is caused by introduction of salt water(

IN YOUR OWN WORDS, describe the role(s) the following play in DNA replication:

1. Nucleotide

2. DNA polymerase

3. Helicase

4. Ligase

1. Describe the significance of phase 4 in the process of new drug approval. What is a goal of postmarketing surveillance (PMS) in a new drug approval process?

4. Describe the most commonly used herbs for the increase in immune response and for the treatment of depression. Why labeling an herbal supplement as "natural" does not mean it is safe or without any harmful effects?

Explain the reason why an edible vaccine for HBV does not look likely to be produced and the attempt to produce an edible vaccine for HBV is acting as a test case for other edible vaccones. What does the HBV outcome mean for the future of edible vaccines in general?

If a donor unit contains anti-D which was somehow missed by the antibody screen, would this be detected by the major crossmatch if the recipient is Rh positive? Why or why not?

Describe and contrast the different mechanisms by which sperm are transported to the egg in ferns and in pine trees. Please be as much clear as you can.

What are the impacts of E. coli on the US healthcare delivery system and in Georgia in terms of financial burden of the monies spent or costs for treatment?

In the bacterium Bacillus subtilus, there are five genes coding for proline biosynthetic enzymes. They are located adjacent to one another on the chromosome. If excess proline is present in the medium, the synthesis of all five enzymes is coordinately repressed, whereas in the absence of proline, all five genes are coordinately expressed.

a. Most mutations in this region of the chromosome result in the loss of activity of only one of the enzymes. Explain how such a mutation would only effect the production of one enzyme. What is the counterpart of this type of mutation in the lac operon system?

b. Some mutations, mapping to one end of the cluster of proline biosynthesis genes, result in the loss of all five enzymes, even though none of the structural genes have been lost. Explain how such a mutation could affect all five genes. What is the counterpart of this type of mutation in the lac operon system?

1)  how the sequential oxidation, hydration, and oxidation in beta-oxidation is parallel to the succinate to OAA part of the TCA cycle.

2) A statement in the notes goes as such: “the E0’ of FAD is more positive than the E0’ of NAD “explain what this means in terms of reduction or oxidation and how it applies to elections affinity?

A buffet restaurant uses heat lamps at a temperature of 50^oC to keep the food warm. If the restaurant opens for service at 4 pm and closes at 10 pm, some of the food items that are not refilled frequently may sit for 6 hours at this temperature.

The following experiment was conducted to determine whether this temperature is suitable to maintain the food and prevent bacterial growth:

Beef cubes were inoculated with 500,000 bacterial cells and incubated at 43-53^oC to establish temperature limits for bacterial growth. Table 1 contains the numbers of bacteria after incubation for 6 hours, and plating on nutrient agar given in the numbers of colonies for a particular dilution.

Calculate the cfu/ml for each organism at each temperature using the formula

cfu/ml = # colonies x dilution factor x plating factor (10)

(this is what i mostly need help with, how does one calculate the plating factor? or am i just suppose to think 10 is the plating factor and multiple the previous numbers by 10?)

and draw a line or bar graph to indicate the amount of growth after 6 hours for each temperature.

What holding temperature would you recommend to maintain the food with minimal contamination? Is 50^oC sufficient? Assuming that cooking kills bacteria in food, how could these bacteria contaminate the cooked foods? What disease does each organism

What is red tide? Walsh and Carder of University of South Florida attribute red tide to dust from Saharan desert storms. They observe that during red tide, a bacterium called Trichodesmium converts nitrogen in the water to a form that algae can use. Link these observations with what you have learned in class.

What are some ways that microbes are found in nature that differ from how they are found in the lab? What are biofilms? Be able to describe and explain the formation of biofilms and some examples of interdomain communication.

We will detect environmental microbes by microscopic, culture-based, and molecular approaches. ​State the advantages and disadvantages of each approach.