is it more energetically expensive to feed monosaccharides other than glucose into the glycolytic pathway? explain.

why is the cell's ability to regenerate NAD+ critical to glycolysis? which glycolytic enzyme requires NAD+?

List what transport protein you think is MOST important in the body. Defend your answer (provide your rationale). Obviously there are a LOT of choices.

why is antibody mediated immunity also referred to as hu moral immunity?

which cell type is most responsible for controlling a viral infection?

what are the defense mechanisms (cells) of specific immunity?

There are many different ways toxins are introduced into the environment. Using the textbook or another authoritative source chose a toxin that people can be exposed to and answer the following questions: What is the toxin and what is it primarily used for? How are people exposed and what are the potential problems? How can toxin exposure be prevented or what are known obstacles to prevention?

1. Describe conditions of early Earth that existed before the origin of life. Your description should include a brief explanation of the “massive bombardment” in addition to the other significant characteristics of early Earth.

2. Define evo-devo, heterochrony, and paedomorphosis. Describe an example to help explain the meaning of each of these terms.

3. Explain how the evolution of changes in temporal and spatial developmental dynamics can result in evolutionary novelties.(Suggested length of answer is a short paragraph, 2-5 sentences).

4. Explain why extracting a single (linear) evolutionary progression from a fossil record can be misleading. (Suggested length of answer is a short paragraph, 3-6 sentences).

5. Explain the statement: “Evolutionary change is not goal-directed”. (Suggested length of answer is 3-6 sentences.)

Fill in the chart to define negative control and positive control in terms of how the active forms of the gene regulatory proteins function. How does an inducer turn on a gene that is negatively controlled? How does an inducer turn on a gene that is positively controlled? Explain how a product turns off a negatively controlled gene, and how it turns off a positively controlled gene. Provide an example of each.

Discuss the potential uses of artificial cells and/or cell like materials and whether you consider them to be a good substitute for the natural versions.

Please cite credible resources.

how to answer these

1.     Discuss the effects of population size on both theeventual fate of an allele (fixation, loss) and time to fixation within a population. Describe the evidence from your simulations for these effects, citing specific examples.

2. What are the effects of genetic drift on genetic variation within and between populations? Describe the evidence from your simulations for these effects, citing specific examples.

Phylum Platyhelminthes.

whole mount of Planaria aka Dugesia

1. What are the two ways that the gut is similar to the gastrovascular cavities of cnidarian medusae?

2. Compare structures and anatomy of Bdelloura sp to Dugesia sp. How many differences/ similarities can you find?

Describe the history and the role of evolution and natural selection in ecology.

1) Before DNA sequencing, how were scientists able to determine the identity and number of chromosomes a person had?

2) What is scientifically accurate about the assumption that two X chromosomes establishes the female sex? Under what genetic or developmental conditions might two X chromosomes not result in femaleness? Under what genetic or developmental conditions might a phenotypically female contain a Y chromosome?

3) Assume a zygote started with a (1) XY (only) genotype, or (2) an XXY genotype. What mitotic events might have occurred during early embryonic development that could cause the person to have both XX and XXY cells as an adult?

Suppose a translocation occurs between chromosome 14 and chromosome 21 in an individual. A translocation is the result of the fusion between two nonhomologous chromosomes. Chromosome 14 is 109 million base pairs in length, while chromosome 21 is 48 million base pairs in length. For this problem, assume that the translocation fuses the entirety of chromosome 14 to the entirety of chromosome 21. a. How long is the DNA portion of this translocation chromosome in meters? b. How many nucleosomes are found within this translocation chromosome? Assume that the average length of the linker DNA is 50 base pairs. c. How many H2A molecules would you expect to find within this translocation chromosome? d. How many radial loop domains would you expect to find within this translocation chromosome?

Read the article (link is below) and answer the questions that follow in a paper format. (Paper has to be 1-page, 11-inch font- single-spaced). COPY THE BELOW LINK AND PASTE IN YOUR BROWSER.

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1097276513001329

Primary Paper HW assignment guidelines

Your primary paper consists of three parts:

1. In your own words, state the essential take home message of the paper assigned.

-Here you should briefly mention what was known about this topic before this paper was published

-Then state what the aim/goal/purpose of this published study was. In other words, what did the authors set out to do?

-Also describe why this research is important (if you think it is important)/ what are the researchers hoping to contribute to the existing knowledge.

2. State how the authors demonstrated the essential point of the paper: what experiments and what methods they used to prove the point

-In this section you should link how a particular approach/method was used to obtain a particular result and why it would be important/relevant. For example:

-Authors used method A to get/show result B. Result B is important because (it supports their original hypothesis in the following way/describe how/ or it provides novel findings regarding mechanism X

-Continue the bulleted list to correlate specific method with specific result and how it supports the claims made in the paper.

3. Discuss the strengths and significance of the paper and also the weaknesses and indicate additional lines of investigation that you think would be worth pursuing that were opened up by the paper.

-Here I want you to critique the experimental approach and author’s conclusions, not their writing style or format of the paper. Also, keep in mind that these are primary research articles published in scientific journals, so they are intended for a scientific, not general audience. Hence the language could be a bit dense.

-I want you to be very specific here. Do not write general and vague statements. Instead, refer to specific data in the paper (in figure X, or table Y) and indicate any possible flaws or limitations of the experiment.

-Propose possible future directions or follow up studies. You can look up papers that cited this research or follow up on the last author’s subsequent research.

-Explain if this paper contributed anything new to the field and if it enabled better understanding of the subject