1) Before DNA sequencing, how were scientists able to determine the identity and number of chromosomes a person had?

2) What is scientifically accurate about the assumption that two X chromosomes establishes the female sex? Under what genetic or developmental conditions might two X chromosomes not result in femaleness? Under what genetic or developmental conditions might a phenotypically female contain a Y chromosome?

3) Assume a zygote started with a (1) XY (only) genotype, or (2) an XXY genotype. What mitotic events might have occurred during early embryonic development that could cause the person to have both XX and XXY cells as an adult?

Suppose a translocation occurs between chromosome 14 and chromosome 21 in an individual. A translocation is the result of the fusion between two nonhomologous chromosomes. Chromosome 14 is 109 million base pairs in length, while chromosome 21 is 48 million base pairs in length. For this problem, assume that the translocation fuses the entirety of chromosome 14 to the entirety of chromosome 21. a. How long is the DNA portion of this translocation chromosome in meters? b. How many nucleosomes are found within this translocation chromosome? Assume that the average length of the linker DNA is 50 base pairs. c. How many H2A molecules would you expect to find within this translocation chromosome? d. How many radial loop domains would you expect to find within this translocation chromosome?

Read the article (link is below) and answer the questions that follow in a paper format. (Paper has to be 1-page, 11-inch font- single-spaced). COPY THE BELOW LINK AND PASTE IN YOUR BROWSER.

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1097276513001329

Primary Paper HW assignment guidelines

Your primary paper consists of three parts:

1. In your own words, state the essential take home message of the paper assigned.

-Here you should briefly mention what was known about this topic before this paper was published

-Then state what the aim/goal/purpose of this published study was. In other words, what did the authors set out to do?

-Also describe why this research is important (if you think it is important)/ what are the researchers hoping to contribute to the existing knowledge.

2. State how the authors demonstrated the essential point of the paper: what experiments and what methods they used to prove the point

-In this section you should link how a particular approach/method was used to obtain a particular result and why it would be important/relevant. For example:

-Authors used method A to get/show result B. Result B is important because (it supports their original hypothesis in the following way/describe how/ or it provides novel findings regarding mechanism X

-Continue the bulleted list to correlate specific method with specific result and how it supports the claims made in the paper.

3. Discuss the strengths and significance of the paper and also the weaknesses and indicate additional lines of investigation that you think would be worth pursuing that were opened up by the paper.

-Here I want you to critique the experimental approach and author’s conclusions, not their writing style or format of the paper. Also, keep in mind that these are primary research articles published in scientific journals, so they are intended for a scientific, not general audience. Hence the language could be a bit dense.

-I want you to be very specific here. Do not write general and vague statements. Instead, refer to specific data in the paper (in figure X, or table Y) and indicate any possible flaws or limitations of the experiment.

-Propose possible future directions or follow up studies. You can look up papers that cited this research or follow up on the last author’s subsequent research.

-Explain if this paper contributed anything new to the field and if it enabled better understanding of the subject

Jean is a 34 year-old woman who is pregnant for the first time. She has a sister who had spina bifida and an older brother who had a stroke when he was 14. Jean has tested positive for presence of a genetic defect known as 677C>T in the methylene-tetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR). She is worried about using the traditional prenatal vitamin-mineral supplement because she has been cautioned that she is unable to metabolize folic acid from diet and supplements. She is asking for your advice for a successful pregnancy.
Nutrition Diagnostic Statement
Altered nutrient (folic acid) metabolism related to a genetic alteration as evidenced by positive results for 677 C>T in the MTHFR gene and having a family history of spina bifida and stroke. Nutrition Care

What advice would you give Jean about any additional dietary and lifestyle changes to consider?

Summarize in detail the current (≥ 2011) status of U.S. Fisheries. Briefly describe 2 actions that can potentially improve the stocks of U.S. Fisheries. (25 points)

In a certain species of flower, the red allele for flower color (R) is completely dominant to the pink allele (r). A completely recessive allele (d) at a second gene on a different chromosome allows pigment (color) to be actually deposited within flowers; the lack of pigment results in white flowers. READ CAREFULLY!

(a) What is a possible genotype for a pink flower? ___ ___ ___ ___

(b) What is the probability that a flower that is heterozygous for both traits and a red flower (that had one pink parent) produce offspring that have white flowers? (SHOW BOTH PUNNETT SQUARES)

In the pre-lab paper they supplied sucrose to the plants in culture. Could this have affected the plants investment in and reliance on photosynthesis? Discuss in terms of costs and benefits.

I need a full explainatoin on what supplying sugar would do to the plant for the vote.

Do bacteria and archaea have introns and pseudogenes? Or just eukaryotes?

Roughly how many soluble proteins are there in E. coli? Refer back to your Isolation and Purification of GFP lab. Describe what proteins should be present in each of your gel samples (crude, flow through, wash and elution samples). What is the known size of GFP from the literature? How will you determine the size of your GFP by SDS-PAGE?

Describe how sugar is catabolized to pyruvate via glycolysis. Explain how these catabolic reactions generate ATP and NADH.

describe the role of stargazin and its involvement in AMPA and NMDA receptors trafficing in dendrites

Consider the table below giving the numbers of juveniles and adults for one generation.

Calculate fitnesses (viabilities), relative fitnesses, the selection coefficient, and the heterozygous

effect. What type of selection is this? What will the allele frequencies be for the adults in the

next two generations assuming random mating? What will the frequency of the A₁ allele be at equilibrium?

Table: