Which of the following intestinal parasites are considered pathogenic, assuming the host is not immunocompromised?

Giardia lamblia

Entamoeba coli

Entamoeba histolytica

Entamoeba hartmanii

Iodamoeba bütschlii

Balantidium coli

Endolimax nana

Cryptosporidium parvum

Ascaris lumbracoides

Enterobius vervicularis

Trichuris trichuria

Hookworm

Strongyloides stercoralis

Diphyllobothrium latum

Taenia solium

Hymenolepiasis diminuta

Fasciolopsis buski

Look up the RPL4 gene in Drosophila melanogaster (fruit fly) in Entrez Gene.

(a) What is RefSeq accession number of the genomic sequence of the gene? What is the RefSeq accession number of the corresponding mRNA sequence of the gene?

(b) Identify the same gene in Bos taurus (cattle). What is the RefSeq accession number of the genomic DNA sequence of the RPL4 gene in this animal? What is the RefSeq accession number of the corresponding mRNA sequence?

(c) Using the Needleman-Wunsch algorithm, determine whether the two genomic se- quences of the gene in fly and cow are homologous. How do you know? Do the same with the corresponding mRNA sequences. Which of the two (genomic or mRNA sequence) Is more useful for drawing a conclusion regarding homology? Why does that type of sequence lead to a higher percent identity? To answer this question use the EMBOSS needle program with default parameters.

THIS IS THE ONLY INFORMATION GIVEN

Perhaps you and/or your significant other is a carrier of a harmful recessive trait, such as cystic fibrosis. What would you do when considering having children? Would you hope for the best and ignore the situation, or would you see a genetic counselor or what? Select a genetic disorder from the "groups" list. Don't forget to sign up for it. Explain what type of genetic defect or disorder it is. Explain how this genetic anomaly occurs. Is it autosomal or sex linked? Is it dominant, recessive or aneuploidy? You should include what the effects are for individuals, what are the survival rates, is there a higher risk in certain populations, and any other interesting information.

Choose from any of these groups.

Growing a tissue can only be done through 3D printing. T/F

A scaffold can be made by decellularizing a donated organ. T/F

Cells all have the same basic components regardless of tissue type. T/F

Fungi secrete many chemicals that are beneficial to humans. Name two of these chemcials and the fungi that produce them.

Before the understanding of bacteria and archaea as distinct domains, what characteristics were used to define 'prokaryotes"? Select the cell components that were believed to be lacking before genetic and genomic analyses proved otherwise.

membrane-bound nucleus

an endoplasmic reticulum

ribosomes

a plasma membrane

Golgi apparatus

cytoskeleton

Read about the Germ Plasm theory. Propose any experiment that would act as a proof or germ plasm theory of inheritance.

provide the correct marine ecosystem.

17. A marine ecosystem located in soft-bottomed intertidal zones of the tropics. In the United States, the dominant organism can be any one of four large shrubs/small trees.

18. A marine ecosystem located in the temperate neritic zone. The dominant organism
is a protist.

21. Most sea turtles hatched along the East Coast of the United States will spend ten or so of their earliest years living in this marine ecosystem.

provide the correct freshwater ecosystem.

29. Areas of saturated ground, receiving water from rainfall and springs, rich in minerals, less acidic that

If a diploid cell has 4 chromosomes at interphase (before S phase), how many chromosomes AND sister chromatids will it have at each of the following phases?

Prophase 1

Metaphase 1

Anaphase 1

Telephase 1

Prophase 2

Metaphase 2

Anaphase 2

Telephase 2

Complete Three concept maps representing 1. Meiosis, 2. Oogenesis, 3.Menstrual cycle.

Q1 ) Nutrient broth is referred to as a general purpose medium. Explain what is meant by this statement.  

When considering your answer, you may wish to consider what substance nutrient broth is prepared from in addition to the further information about microbiological growth media on pg. 45 of the practical manual.

page 45 => Bacterial growth media – nutrient broth

The medium used in this practical session to study the growth of bacteria is a liquid medium termed nutrient broth (NB). It is a general-purpose meat-based medium used for routine culture of many bacteria that do not have special growth requirements.

Nutrient medium of various kinds is available commercially (from companies such as Oxoid and Difco) as a desiccated product (i.e. a powder). To prepare nutrient broth, water is added to an appropriate quantity of the powder and the dissolved product is dispensed in the required quantities (e.g. as 10 ml broths). It is then sterilised by autoclaving (steam under pressure for an appropriate time) to kill all contaminating life-forms. Once sterile, it can be stored at room temperature until required.

Describe the normal cellular functions of tumor suppressor genes and explain their roles in cancer. List all possible mechanisms by which tumor suppressor genes are inactivated and explain. Explain why loss-of-heterozygosity of a particular chromosome/chromosomal region in tumor DNA suggests the existence of a tumor suppressor gene in that region.

Please type answer, hard to read handwriting on written responses.

1. Describe the difference between gram-positive and gram-negative bacterial cell walls. Explain which stains bind to gram positive and which ones bind to gram negative cells. Which of these bacteria is more susceptible to antibiotics and why?