Question

Identify two classes of diuretics with regard to mechanism of action, indications, dosage, routes of administration, adverse effects, toxicity, cautions, contraindications, and drug interactions. Using a minimum of two scholarly article to support it, describe how these diuretics work in the kidney and how they lower blood pressure in individuals.  

Answer 1

Answer:- Two classes of diuretics are following:-

01. Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors:-

Drug :- Acetazolamide

Dose :- 250/mg tablet

Route :- oral / Im /iv

Mechanism of action

1.Act on site 1st ( PCT ) proximal convulated tubules
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2. By inhibiting carbonic anhydrase enzyme |
3. Decreases availability of H+ Ion to exchange with sodium   
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4.H+ retention in body cause acidosis urine

5. Na+ Loss in urine with Hco3 cause alkaline urine

6. So Na+ exchange with K+ at site 4th which leads to hypokelmia .

Indications :-1. To alkaline urine

2. other uses is eplilapsy

Adverse effects:-

Acidosis

hypokelmia

Drowsiness, fatigue,abdominal discomfort, fever rashes.

Contraindication:- Liver disease ( hepatic coma)

02. Pottsium sparing diuretics :- Aldestrone antagonist

Drug :- sprionolactone

Dose:- 25-50 mg O.D /B.D

Route :- oral / IM/Iv

Mechanism of action

1. Act on site 4th ( D.T/C.D) Descending tubules and collecting duct.

2. Bye antagonising eldesterone

Low sodium which leads to increased urine output

3. Retain pottsium cause hyperklemia.

Indication:- odema ,congestive heart failure,

Note :- Give along with high and medium efficacy diuretics to prevent hypokelmia.

Interaction of drug:- Asprin block the action of spironolactone

With pottsium suppliment / ACE inhibitors/ ARB pronunced hyperkelmia.

Adeverse effect :-

Drowsiness

confusion

impotence

hyperkelmia

abdominal pain

Note :- never give drugs in night time it will cause nocturia .

Diuretic action on kidney :-

Diuretics sometime calls water pills , Help to rid our body sodium and water . Most of them help your kidneys release more sodium into urine.

@.The sodium takes it with water from your blood, decreasing the amount of fluid following through our vein and arteries, that leads to low blood pressure.

More sodium more water goes outside then it simple to lower the blood pressure of invidual .