Question

Hematology

1. Describe the composition of blood and their function

2. Identify 3 conditions related to any of above components.

Answer 1

Answer

BLOOD AND COMPOSITION WITH ITS FUNCTIONS

Blood :- blood is a fluid connective tissue ,that circulates continuously around the body

function of blood

-transport of oxygen,nutrients,hormones,clottingfactors,heat

-protective function

Composition of blood and its functions

blood is composed of maily PLASMA and FORMED ELEMENTS

1:-Plasma :- a clear ,straw coloured,watery fluid in which several blood cells are suspended. Plasma normaly constitutes 55% of the volume of blood and the cell fraction 45%. Blood cells and plasma can be seperated by centrifugation

plasma contains:-

*Plasma proteins :- that includes Albumin ,Globulin , Fibrinogen .

Albumin is an abundant plasma protein (60%) and it maintains plasma osmotic pressure

Globulin:- produced by the lymphocytes that plays and important role in immunity

Fibrinogen :- helps in clotting

*Nutrients:- the products of digestion eg- glucose,amino acids,fatty acids,glycerol are absorbed from the alimentary tract .Together with mineral salts and vitamins they are used by the body for energy ; and is being transported with the help of plasma

*Nitrogenous waste:- Urea,creatinine and uric acid are the waste products of protein metabolism .they form in the liver and are transported to kidneys for excretion and carbon dioxide is transported to lunga and exhaled out

*Gases:- oxygen ,carbon dioxide and Nitrogen are transported around the body by plams

*Electrolytes:-these have range of functions including muscle contraction,transmission of nerve impulses,mqkntenance of acid base balance etc ..

*Clotting factors:- which are responsible for clottkng mechanism

2:-Formed elements:-

These are nothing but the cellular content of blood and these includes

-Erythrocytes (Red blood cells ) :- these are the most abundant type of cell ;90% of all body cells are RBC. They are biconcave discs with ni nucleus

Function

* Gas transport

*Gas exchange

*Erythropoiesis and its control ( erythropoiesis is the process of development of RBC )

*Blood group determination :-red blood cell carries antigen along with them that helps identifying the blood group

-Leukocytes (White blood cells):-these cells important function is defence and immunity .they detect foreign or abnormal material and destroy it,through a range of defence mechanism .

leukocytes are the largest blood cells which accounts of 1% of blood volume

Leukocytes are of two type

a) Granulocytes

*Neutophils :-these are smallest and fast and avtive scavengers protect the body against bacterial invasions and remove dead cells and debris from damge tissues .

phagocytic action of neutrophil kills the microorganisms

*Basophils :-this is associated closely with allergic reactions ,contain cytoplasmic granules packed with heparin (anticoagulant)and histamine (an inflammatory agent )

*Eosinophils:- these are also capable of phagocytosis,are less active in this than neutrophils ;there specialised role is to be in elimination of parasites ,such as worms,which are too big to be phagocytosed and tgey are equipped with certain toxix chemocals which helps to kill the organisms

-Platelets :- helps in blood clotting

b) Agranulocytes

*Monocytes :-these are largest WBC and the functions include

-activation of interleukins 1 and there by increasing the body temperature as a part of inflammatory process

-stimulate production of globulins by liver

- enhances the production of activated T cells

* Lymphocytes :- these are smaller than monocytes and have large nuclei . Some circulates in blood but most are found in tissues and spleen

these lymphocytes main function is to produce T lymphocytes and B lymphocytes which plays major role in immunity

QUESTION 2 :- 3 conditions of above components

ANSWER

-Leukocytes disorders

1. Leukopenia :- a condition in which the total blood leukocytes count is less than 4000/mmcube

2. leukocytosis :- an increase in the number of circulating leukocytes occurs as a normal protective reaction in a variety of pathological conditions especially duting infections

Ie, more than 10000/mmcube

3. Leukemia :- its a condition were malignant proliferation of WBC occurs , also known as blood cancer