Question

Portfolio Activity 4: Cells are Behind Everything.

This activity as you to identify the cell and /or cells that are involved in the condition or action indicated in the first column. After identifying the cell and/or cells, in the third column you are to give a brief explanation as to exactly what the cells are doing. In that this is a Word document, you should not feel restrained by the initial size of the cells.

Condition or Action	Cell or Cells Involved	Exactly what are the cells doing?
Heart arrhythmia
Vomiting
Prevention of Unscheduled Urination
Loss of taste sensation
Blindness by exposure to a bright light
Sensation of hungry
Thirst
Forming a sentence to speak
Belching
Migraine headache
Remembering your phone number
Feeling panic when attacked by a pit bull

Answer 1

Co-Ordination and action	Cell or cell involved	What are the cells doing?
Heart Arrhythmia	Specialized cells called sinoatrial nodal cells	Normally, when the electrical signals do not originate from Sinoatrial nodal cells results in a condition called Heart Arrhythmia but, in normal scenario creates momentary electrical impulse. This impulse passes from atria present in upper right chambers allows to contract and squeezes and reaches the ventricle. This impulse then travels to the A-V node which delays the signal for a while Which fills the ventricles and reaches to bundle of HIS and then finally to ventricles where ventricles pump blood into the body.
Vomiting	The chemoreceptor trigger zone is located in the medulla of brain cells.	The afferent signals send messages to the brain (CNS) i.e., to the located chemoreceptor cells and where the information is received and then it is processed and finally the response is generated via efferent neurons.
Prevention of unscheduled urination	Smooth muscle cells of the bladder called detrusor	Detrusor supplies with nerves the signal to sympathetic nervous system fibers from lumbar and sacral spinal cord the message of urination when this gets interrupted it results into unscheduled urination.
Loss of taste sensation	Taste receptor cells (bundled together called taste buds)	There are nearly 50 to 150 columnar taste receptor cells. A sense of taste is developed by them. These create tiny taste pores that extend itself into microvilli and which sends its report to the brain centers. When the taste receptors get damaged or altered they do not perform this function and or perform it inefficiently and results in loss of taste sensation.
Blindness by exposure to a bright light	Retinal cells	When the amount of light entering the eye is too high it causes flash blindness due to oversaturation of retinal cells.
Sensation of hungry	Agouti-related peptide expression neurons	Ghrelin is the hunger hormone that activates the Agouti-related peptide expression neurons that stimulates hunger pangs.
Thirst	Cerebral cortex or cerebral mantle (outer layer of neuronal tissue in cerebrum and hypothalamus	Signal for thirst are received by cortex and then subfornical organ controls the body fluid content via hypothalamus that secretes vasopressin in response.
Forming a sentence to speak	Brain cells forming broca’s area	This part of the brain gets damaged which is responsible for speech and motor control.
Belching	Initially from muscle cells and then via vagus nerve (both)	During belching, firstly the muscle cells are inhibited that cause contraction of lower oesophagus and diaphragm .This results in air bolus that escapes from the lower oesophagus response is mediated by the brain’s vagus nerve.
Migraine headache	Mast Cells	Meningeal Mast cells are located near to the brain neurons. They are in close association with the meningeal blood vessels and axons and possess the ability to stimulate and release the algesic mediators .these mediators cause local inflammation and trigeminovascular system that results in migraine.
Remembering your phone number	Neurons or brain cells	The sequence of brain cells are involved in remembering especially during development and growth. The region of brain called temporal lobe that possess hippocampus and amygdala processes the sights to form memory.
Feeling panic when attacked by a pit-bull	Nerve cells (almond-shaped ) that make the amygdala	Amygdala that is the fear centre of the brain and supports emotional processing and learning normally stays silent. But, when receiving a stimulus of panic or fear it becomes hyperactive and generates panic i.e. palpitations ,sweating, dizziness etc.