Question

1. Describe the fluid compartments in the body.
2. Explain the reason for third spacing.
3. Why does intake usually equal output?
4. Compare and contrast osmosis and diffusion.
5. With regards to acid base balance, what do the lungs control and what do the kidney’s control?
6. Discuss how aldosterone controls sodium?
7. Identify how fluid volume deficit differs from dehydration?
8. Explain how can a client with ascites have a fluid volume deficit?
9. Explain why are the hemoglobin, hematocrit, and BUN affected with volume excess and deficit?
10. What is the maximum amount of potassium chloride that can be administered IV and in what dilution?  What is the maximum amount of potassium chloride that can be administered IV and in what dilution?

Answer 1

1. Describe the fluid compartment in the body?

The water in the body is about 40 litre. it is distributed in to two compartments.

1. intracellular fluid- its volume is 22L and it forms 55% of the body weight

2.Extracellular fluid compartment - Its volume is 18L and its forms 45% of boby weight

Extracellular fluid compartment is diveded into 5 compartments

1. Interstitial fluid and lymph 20%(12L)

2. plasma 7.5% (2.75L)

3. Fluid in bones 7.5%

4. Fluid in dense tissue- cartilage 7.%

5. Transcellular fluid 2.5% ( CSF, intraoccular fluid, digestive juices, serous fluid, synovial fluid)

2. Explain the reason for third spacing?

The reason for third space fluid shift is, when intravascular fluid is excess. Due to increase hydrostatic pressure inside of the vascular system, moves fluid to external spaces. eg. collection of fluid in the peritoneal cavity leads to acsitis.

3. What does intake equels output ?

water intake -average 2.5L	output 2.5L( average)
water intake per oral-1500ml	Urine output -1500ml/day
water from food- moist content -750ml	water loss through lungs during exhalation and insensible loss- 700ml
water from metabolism-750ml	water loss through feces-100ml
	water loss through skin(sweat)-200ml

There is a mild variation can occur due to climatic change, body surface area of persom, other physiological process.

4, Compare and contrast osmosis and diffusion?

Osmosis and diffusion are process, involved in the movement of electrolytes and water molecules from one compartment to other compartment.

Osmosis- Movement of water through semipermeable membrane from low solute concentration to high solute concentration. It does not required outside energy.

Diffusion - movement of particles from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration. Simple diffusion does not requires external energy.Movement of molecules stops when both compartments are equal in concentration.

5. With regard to the Acid base balance, what do the lungs control and what do the kidney control?

- Lungs: To maintain constant balance of acid and base in the blood, the lungs regulate Co2 balance. If Co2 is increase, it is expelled by increasing respiratory rate. If Co2 is less, the respiratory rate become reduce , so the level of Co2 become increase. This is controlled by medulla in the midbrain.

-Renal :Kidney's response is to increase sodium bicarbonate and decrease carbonic acid in the blood. When high level of hydrogen ions are in blood, kidney secrete hydrogen ions and absorbs sodium ions.As well as ammonium ions are excreted in the urine in exchange with sodium. If hydrogen ion is decrease, kidney retain hydrogen ions in the body to increase bicarbonate.