Question

1. Explain how decreased fluid intake or dehydration predisposes to calculi in the urinary tract.
2. Why is there an increased risk of drug toxicity in the later stages of renal failure?
3. List the factors predisposing patients to testicular cancer.
4. Differentiate the following terms from one another: dysmenorrhea, premenstrual syndrome, and menorrhagia.
5. Compare the early manifestations of chlamydial infection, syphilis, and genital herpes.
6. Explain why genital herpes tends to recur.

Answer 1

1) decrease fluid intake causes production of concentrated urine. These urine has high concentration of minerals like calcium, sodium, oxalate. High concentration of urine promote precipitation and form crystals like uric acid crystal, cystine crystal, struvite crystal, calcium oxalate crystal. They form stone of respective type.

2) renal failure in late stage cause renal insufficiency. So kidney eliminate many drug and in renal failure kidney is unable to eliminate drugs. These renal insufficiency cause increase in concentration of those drugs in blood causes toxicity of that drug. It can be prevented by giving less dose of drugs.

3)risk factors

- having a family history of testicular cancer.

- having abnormal testicular development.

- genetic predisposition.

- having HIV/ aids.

- undescended testis ( cryptorchidism).

- smoking as a risk factor is not clear.

4) Dysmenorrhoea- it is menstrual cramp due to uterine contraction. It can be primary type, which is normal menstrual cramp. secondary type is due to underlying uterine disease.

Premenstrual syndrome- it is variety of sign and symptoms between ovulation and periods. Its is due change in level of serotonin and sex hormones. Mood swings, anxiety, irritability, nervousness and other symptoms can be seen.

Menorrhagia- its abnormal high or prolonged menstrual bleeding in menstrual cycle. it can be due to IUCD use, medication side effects, hormonal imbalance or stress.

5) early manifestation

Chlamydia- lower belly pain, abnormal vaginal discharge between periods.

Genital herpes- itchy, painful blister can be at vagina, vulva , thigh or anus. Painful micturation can also be seen.

Syphilis- lymph node near groins are enlarged. Sore or chancre are generally single in number and are mostly painless.

6) genital herpes virus is inside the body after sign and symptoms disappeared in inactive state. When body immunity decrease the virus become active and disease recur. It can be during emotional stress, steroid medication, illness or poor diet.

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