Question

For articulations, you will need to identify the name of the joint, the bones that articulate to form the joint, the structural and functional classifications of the joints, and the movements these joints can do. Ligaments will be bonus points on the practical, if asked.

Hip                                                               Knee

Sacroiliac                                                    Ankle

Pubic symphysis                                        Tibiofibular (proximal and distal)

Answer 1

Classification of joints

Structural Classification of Joints:

In this classification joints are categorized into three types based on the tissue used for formation of joint.

1. Fibrous – Fixed and immovable – adjacent bones are connected with fibrous connective tissue. Example: cranium

2. Cartilaginous - Movable, but less movable compared to synovial joints – bones are joined by hyaline cartilage or fibrocartilage. Example: epiphyseal plates

3. Synovial – Most common and movable-bones are not directly connected, but connected by a joint cavity that is filled with synovial fluid – Example: knee, elbow, etc

Functional classification

Categorized into three types based on type and degree of movement of joints.

1. Synarthrosis: Immobile or nearly immobile mobility.

Examples: suture joints and gomphosis joints.

2. Amphiarthrosis: These joints allow limited mobility. Example: Cartilaginous joints, Pubic symphysis of pelvis
3. Diarthrosis: These are the freely-movable. Example: All synovial joints. Synovial joints like hinge joint, plane joint, saddle joint, ball and socket joint, etc.

These diarthrosis Joints can be further classified by the number of axes of movement they permit:

• Nonaxial (gliding): Found between the proximal ends of the ulna and radius.
• Monoaxial (uniaxial): allows for a motion in a single plane. Example: Elbow joint.
• Biaxial: allows for a motion in a two planes. Example: wrist.
• Multiaxial: allows for a motion in several directions (more than two). Example: Hip joint.

Name of Joint	Bones articulate from the joint	Type of joint and movement	Ligament	Location
Hip	Head of femur articulates in acetabulum formed by pelvic bones	Multiaxial, ball-and-socket joint Movement: Flexion and extension	iliofemoral, ischiofemoral and pubofemoral	Hip region
Knee	1. Medial femoral and medial tibial condyles 2. Lateral femoral and lateral tibial condyles 3. Patella and patellar surface of femur.	Synovial joint Movement: Flexion, extension, lateral and medial rotation	1. Collaterals (tibial and fibular)--sides of knee. 2.Cruciates (anterior and posterior)--cross within joint. Named for their attachment sites on tibia. 3.Patellar ligament	Knee
Sacroiliac	Sacrum and ilium bones of pelvis	Synovial plane joint small amount of movement that are formed between the auricular surfaces of the sacrum and the ilium bones	Anterior sacroiliac ligament Interosseous sacroiliac ligament Posterior sacroiliac ligament Sacrotuberous ligament Sacrospinous ligament	Pelvis
Ankle	Distal End of tibia and medial malleolus articulate with talus. Distal End of fibula and lateral malleolus articulate with talus.	Synovial joint Movements: plantarflexion and dorsiflexion	Deltoid ligament on tibial side; collateral ligament on fibular side	Lower limb
Pubic symphysis	Left and right superior rami of the pubic bones	Cartilaginous, amphiarthrodial Movements: widens slightly whenever the legs are stretched far apart and can become dislocated	superior pubic ligament and inferior pubic ligament	Located in front of and below the urinary bladder.
Tibiofibular (proximal and distal)	Tibia and fibula Proximal tibiofibular joint – articulates with the lateral condyle of the tibia. Distal tibiofibular joint – articulates with the fibular notch of the tibia	Synovial joint movement in relation to with ankle dorsiflexion	Anterior and posterior superior tibiofibular ligaments	Right knee-joint