The total capital investment for a conventional chemical plant is $1,500,000, and the

plant produces 3 million kg of product annually. The selling price of the product is

$0.82/kg. Working capital amounts to 15 percent of the total capital investment. The

investment is from company funds, and no interest is charged. Raw-materials costs

for the product are $0.09/kg, labor $0.08/kg, utilities $0.05/kg, and packaging

$0.008/kg. Distribution costs are 5 percent of the total product cost. Estimate the

following:

(a) Manufacturing cost per kilogram of product.

(b) Total product cost per year.

(c) Profit per kilogram of product before taxes.

(d) Profit per kilogram of product after taxes (use current rate)

The fresh feed to an ammonia production process contains N2 and H2 in stoichiometric proportion, along with an inert gas (I). The feed is combined with a recycle stream containing the same three species, and the combined stream is fed to a reactor in which a low single-pass conversion of N2 is achieved. The reactor effluent flows to a condenser. A liquid stream containing essentially all of the NH3 formed in the reactor and a gas stream containing all the inerts and the unreacted N2 and H2 leave the condenser. The gas stream is split into two fractions with the same composition: one is removed from the process as a purge stream, and the other is the recycle stream combined with the fresh feed. In every stream containing N2 and H2, the two species are in stoichiometric proportion. The mole fraction of inerts in the fresh feed is 0.01, the single-pass conversion of N2 (and H2) in the reactor is 0.2, and the fraction of gas leaving the condenser that is purged (mol purged/mol total) is 0.1. Taking a 1 mole fresh feed basis, find the composition of each stream in the process and the overall conversion of N2.

Consider the transient heat transfer of a solid object suddenly exposed to an unbounded flow at different temperature. Based on the Lumped-heat capacity model (LHCM), the response time of heat transfer to the solid can be used to determine the convective heat transfer coefficient. Assume that the solid initial temperature, the ambient fluid temperature, and a temperature at the center of solid at a given time (after the exposure) are measurable. (1) Ignoring the radiation, derive an equation to correlate the convective heat transfer coefficient to the measured temperatures, the given time (when the temperature of solid is measured) and the solid material properties. (2) Based on the result of (1), how to check if LHCM can be applied to this case? (3) How does the thermal radiation affect the determination of the convective heat transfer coefficient, if the radiation effect needs to be included?

1. In order to determine the size of a home-heating furnace, it is necessary to estimate the heat loss during the coldest day in winter. Provide the rates of heat loss per unit surface area for the following surfaces commonly encountered in house construction. You may assume an inside air temperature of 25°C, an outside temperature of -5°C, and heat transfer coefficients of 20 Wm-2K-1 and 5 Wm-2K-1 between air and the outside and inside surfaces, respectively. The thermal conductivities of glass and air are 1.4 and 0.026 Wm-1K-1, respectively.

a. A 3 mm-thick single-pane glass window.

b. A double-pane glass window consisting of two 3 mm-thick panels separated by a 6 mm-thick layer of stagnant air.

c. A composite wall consisting of a 10-cm-thick brick exterior (k = 1.0 Wm-1K-1), a 10-cm-thick layer of loosely packed glass fiber insulation (k = 0.043 Wm-1K-1), and an inside gypsum plaster wall (k = 0.17 Wm-1K-1) that is 1 cm thick.

d. Workmen installing a wall of the design described in part (c) are asking for a premium to install a vapor barrier on the plaster wall to prevent moisture from diffusing out of the house and condensing in the glass fiber insulation. If the dew point of the moist air in the house were 10°C would you pay the premium? Why?

#3 Consider a system that is 30 % n-Butane, 40 % n-pentane and 30 % n-hexane.

a. Estimate the bubble pressure at a temperature of 80 C. What would be the composition of the vapor formed?

b. Estimate the dew pressure at 80 C. What would be the composition of the liquid formed?

c. Estimate the bubble temperature at a pressure of 2 atm? What would be the composition of the vapor formed?

d. If this mixture was at 100 C and 6 atm what fraction of the butane would be in the vapor phase?

Could you please provide a Material Safety Data sheet for the Ethanol/Water mixture? and the reference of where it came from

Thank you

The total investment required for a new chemical plant is estimated at $20 million. Fifty percent will be supplied from the company's noncapital resources. Of the remaining investment one-half will come from a loan at an effective interest rate of 8 percent and one -half will come from an issue of preferred stock paying dividends at a stated effective rate of 8 percent. The income tax rate for the company is 35 percent of pretax earnings. Under these conditions. How many dollars per year does the company lose (i.e. after taxes) by issuing preferred stock at 8 percent dividend instead of bonds at an effective interest rate of 6 percent?

We have a narrow slit that is oriented vertically. The thickness of the slit is 2B. The width, W, and the length, L, of the slit are both much larger than the thickness. A fluid is being forced through the top of the slit and runs out of the bottom. Determine the shear stress and velocity distribution through the slit. Sketch the shape of the velocity profile based on the velocity distribution you obtained. Determine the maximum velocity of the fluid within the slit and where within the slit it occurs. Find the analog of the Hagen-Poiseuille equation for this system.

Two streams are mixed to form a single stream. Only the steady flow in the mixed

stream is known. A soluble salt is added to one of the original streams at a steady state

and samples show the stream to have a 4.76% salt content by weight. Samples of the

combined stream show it to be 0.62% salt content by weight. What is the flow rate of the

two original streams ?

Explain the start-up issues in a distillation column. Also, explain the function of reboiler and give its types.

. An ideal gas initially contained at 1 bar and 25ºC, is compressed to a final state of 5 bar and 25ºC. Although the initial and final temperatures are the same, the process is NOT isothermal. Rather, the change of state occurs in two steps. First, the gas is cooled at constant pressure (i.e., 1 bar). Second, the gas is heated at constant volume. Please calculate Q, W, DU, and DH for the two steps. Note: Cp*=29.1 J/mol/K, and 1 mole of an ideal gas occupies 0.0227 m³ at 0ºC and 1 bar. PV/T is a constant of ideal gases.

i.What is strain hardening phenomenon? Explain briefly with an appropriate drawing.

i.List two examples where fatigue failure is of primary concern.

ii.With appropriate drawings explain the difference between Fatigue limit and Endurance limit.

i.Give two examples of strengthening mechanisms.

ii.Give examples of the products that can be realized based on these mechanisms.

You are pumping up a road bicycle tire with a compressor. The inner tube is initially completely deflated, and you inflate it to a final pressure of 120psig and final volume confined by the tire tread and rim (Vtire= 500mL). The compressor supplies air steadily at 24°C and 190 psig. Assume air is an ideal gas, with CP= (7/2)Rand R= 8.314 J/mol·K.Clearly state all assumptions.Final answers should be appropriately rounded.

a.Define an opensystem.

b.Calculate the work of expansion ofthe inner tube(against the atmosphere).Assume negligibletensile force from the inner tube

.c.Starting with ageneral energy balance, calculate the final temperature inside the tire. Assume thatthe time to inflate the tire is much less than the time for heat dissipation through the tire and rim.

d.For this process, it is possible for the final temperature to be less than the compressor supply temperature? Explain briefly.e.After having inflated the tire,you let the bicycle stand outside, where it is heated under the sun. At what temperature will the tire burst?(The tire is designedfor 180 psig).

i)Which of the defects that are unique to Ceramic materials? Use appropriate drawings in your responses..

ii)Give an example of an application of product development associated with strain hardening phenomeno

iii).Give an example of aircrafts part/component requiring use of high material toughness. Identify the class of materials used.

iv).Give an example of an engineering application requiring high material toughness.

We know that stress=force/area that is two vectors are divided and we get a tensor but pressure is also force/area but it is scalar. Why it is so?