Question

A: Name the three types of claims. Explain the difference between claims.

B: Name the four validities used to interrogate claims. If you were to question a study’s four validities, provide a question you might ask related to each validity.

Answer 1

CLAIMS:

These are arguments made by someone. Psychological scientists use data to test these claims.

TYPES OF CLAIMS:

1.Frequency claims
2.Association claims
3.Casual claims

1.FREQUENCY CLAIMS:

            We uses these claims in only one measured variable. It describe a particular portion or degree of a single variable.

Example: 10 out of 30 students failed in psychology subject.

2.ASSOCIATION CLAIMS:

            It involves in two or more measured variables. One level of a variable is associates with a particular level of another variable. Those are correlated variables. There are 3 types in association claims

1.Positive Association

2.Negative Association

3.Zero Association or curvilinear association

Example: Students who attends classes regularly scores highest marks in exams.

3.CASUAL CLAIMS:

            It contains independent variable and dependent variable means one of the variable is responsible for change in another variable.

Example: Smoking causes cancer.

VALIDITY:

                        Validity is the extent to which a test measures what it claims to measure in other words Validity is a measurement for how well our research is believable.

FOUR VALIDITIES USED INTERROGATE CLAIMS:

1.Consturct validity
2.External validity
3.Statistical validity
4.Internal validity

1.CONSTRUCT VALIDITY:

            How well variables is in a study are measured or manipulated. By this factor we can conform that whether confounds entered in research or not while taking measurements.

Question for construct validity:

            What is the reading in weighing machine for half kilogram sugar ?

2.EXTERNAL VALIDITY:

            How well measured sample generalizes the whole population.

Question for External validity?

            Difference in standarad deviation of IQ of sample people and population people

3.STASTICAL VALIDITY:

            It will be measured on research data. It tells about how well our research data rejecting null hypothesis. In other words “is our hypothesis is significantly right?”

Question for Statistically validity?

            What is the alpha level for smoking causes cancer?

4.INTERNAL VALIDITY:

            How well our independent variable manipulating the dependent variable

Question for Intenal validity?

            What is the pearson’s R for our research?