Jane was attacked by an unknown man. She was able to free herself and ran to a nearby house, with the man chasing close behind. She screamed and knocked at the door of the house. The occupants of the house opened the door, and she requested refuge. The occupant refused, but Jane forced her way into the house. To gain entry, Jane had to strike the occupant. Once inside, she used the telephone to contact the police, who responded within minutes. At the insistence of the occupants of the house, Jane has been charged with trespass and battery. Does she have a defense? Explain.

define task performance and contextual performance. discuss the differences between them and challenges faced in conducting such approach.

Skinner has suggested that it is best to focus on reinforcement and success rather than on punishing failure. Why is that? Please give examples of each (positive reinforcement and negative
reinforcement)

(With references please)

Write a 2-3 page double-spaced paper using APA format to answer/discuss the following topics:

Discuss and describe the differences and similarities between the terms “race” and “ethnicity.”

Compare and contrast the terms “discrimination” and “disparity.” Explain why this is important to know if one is to become culturally competent.

Identify and discuss the “melting pot” concept.

_____________________ is the alcohol we drink. It is created through a process of ___________________________. Binge drinking is defined by consuming more than ___________ drinks for men and __________ drinks for women at one time. There is good evidence that alcohol acts on the ________-_______________ receptors. There is also evidence that it impacts _________________ and __________________ activity. BAC stands for ______________ ___________________ _________________ and can be measured practically and precisely through _________________ _____________________. Alcohol can have _______________-______________________ to other CNS suppressants. The LD of alcohol is a BAC of ___________% to _____________%. As the major metabolic site of alcohol, the ________________ is highly vulnerable to alcohol’s toxic effects. Damage occurs in 3 ways: _________________ __________________, ________________ ________________, and ________________________. When addressing alcohol use and misuse, it is important to consider biological, psychological, and social factors. This is called the _____________________________________________ Approach.

People across the United States are fearful - and fed up- with crime. Dogs for protection, special locks, and security systems have never been more popular. And no wonder: Almost half of U.S. adults claim that they are afraid to walk alone at night in the vicinity of their own homes. Government spending on crime prevention has risen steadily during the past thirty years, but so has the crime rate. At the same time, as noted at the beginning of this chapter, violent crime has gone down in the last few years. New York City is a case in point: Murders in the Big Apple dropped from 2,245 in 1990 to 803 in 1997. Are we beginning to learn something more about controlling crime? Three factors seem to account for the New York turnaround. First, more police are on the streets than ever before. Second, a program of "community policing" makes police commanders directly responsible for controlling crime in their district. Third, and probably more important, police are less focused on making arrests and more concerned with preventing crime in the first place. For example, police officers have begun stopping young men for jaywalking or even spitting on the sidewalk in order to check them for concealed weapons (as a result the word is getting around that you risk arrest for carrying a gun) and even blocking off streets to traffic if that's what it takes to put local drug dealers out of business (the policy seems to work: the drug trade is down). Travis Hirschi (author of control theory) offers his own version of a community approach to crime. Hirschi notes that criminals today have two things in common. The first is age; most offenders are young. Crime rates are high in the late teens and early twenties, and they fall quickly thereafter. Second, most offenders take a short-term view of their lives. Lawbreakers, as Hirschi sees it, are people who have trouble working toward any long-term goal, including an educational degree, a career, a successful marriage, or even keeping a steady friendship. More than anything else, in fact, offenders are people characterized by low self-control. That is why, according to Hirschi, our present criminal justice system can never control crime effectively. For one thing, going to jail is too uncertain (most crimes go unpunished) and too far removed in time (catching, trying, and jailing criminals often takes a year or more) to deter the typical offender. Thus, Hirschi explains, popular calls for "stiffer sentences" actually have little effect in suppressing crime. Moreover, by the time many offenders are sent to prison, they are moving beyond the "crime years" simply because they are growing older. Statistically speaking, then, offenders aging in prison represent a crime threat already shrinking on its own. Therefore, rather than locking up adults, Hirschi argues that society needs to focus on younger people before they commit crimes. /similar to the new approach in New York City, Hirschi's approach calls for closer attention to teenagers - those at highest risk for criminal behavior. Effective crime control depends on devising policies to keep teens away not only from guns and drugs, but also alcohol and, if necessary, cars. Ultimately, though, the most effective way to control crime, Hirschi concludes, is to teach children self-control . This is a reasonability that falls upon parents. Government can help, however, by intervening in dysfunctional families and by developing strategies that help build strong-preferably two parent- families. Eliminating pregnancy among teenage girls would do far more to reduce crime, Hirschi contends, than all the actions of today's criminal justice system. QUESTIONS 1. Do you thing we need more prisons? Is that an effective way to deal with the crime problem? What else might be done? 2. Hirschi's recommendations are controversial because he opposes the popular practice of building more prisons. What do you thing? 3. If we don't lock up today's offenders swiftly and surely, how can we satisfy society's demand for retribution? 4. Do you think that New York City's new crime approach and Hirschi's suggestions attack the broader conditions that breed crime, such as poverty, racial prejudice, and weak families? Why or why not? 5. Does lethal injection illustrate the "medicalization of death"? How or how not? 6. Does lethal injection "sugar coat" capital punishment by making suffering less apparent? Is lethal injection more humane? Why or why not?

Does an unconditionally - guaranteed income promote fairness for all members of society , including the least economically advantaged and those who are already economically successful ? Why or why not ?

___ refers to positive or negative responses to social interactions

2. Social stratification involves how a society distributes resources. It also has relational dimension-social in-equality guides with whom we do and do not interact and also how we interact with people. Can you give examples of how social class differences guide social interaction in your everyday life?

define Theory X and Theory Y in your own word with an example