From a psychological viewpoint, explain why people purchase a product or service or accept the message even when the information is misleading.

wATER IS THE LIFEbLOOd OF THE EARTH, but by 2025, according to the United Nations, two-thirds of the world’s population could face chronic shortages of water. In fact, some countries are already importing huge supertank- ers of freshwater from other countries. But one place that’s definitely not short of water is the state of Michigan, which has 11,000 lakes and is surrounded by Lakes Michigan, Huron, Superior, and Erie. So it came as a surprise to some. that the Nestle? company’s new Ice Mountain bottled-water plant in Mecosta County, Michigan, dredged up so much con- troversy when it began pumping water from a local spring.81 Nestle?’s willingness to invest $100 million to build a new 410,000-square-foot bottling plant in Mecosta reflects the fact that bottled water is big business, with annual sales of $6 billion (up 35 percent since 1997). Many county residents, in fact, are thrilled about Nestle?’s being there. The Ice Mountain plant employs about a hundred people at $12 to $23 per hour, significantly more than many local jobs pay. And the company shells out hundreds of thousands of dollars in local taxes. Township supervisor Maxine McClellan says, “This is probably the best project we’ve ever brought into Mecosta County.” She adds that she wants “a diversi- fied economy where our kids don’t have to move away to find jobs.” The problem, as some local residents see it, is that Nestle? has also built a 12-mile stainless steel pipeline from the plant to Sanctuary Spring, which sits on an 850-acre private deer-hunting ranch and is part of the headwaters of the Little Muskegon River, which flows into the Muskegon and then into Lake Michigan. The company started pumping 130 gallons of water every minute from the spring, with plans to increase that to 400 gallons per minute, or about 262 million gallons a year. But whose water is Nestle? pumping? That’s the question being asked by Michigan Citizens for Water Conservation (MCWC), a local Mecosta group that has filed suit contesting Nestle?’s right to the spring’s waters. Although the company has a ninety-nine-year lease on the land, MCWC contends that the water itself is a public resource. As Jim Olson, MCWC’s lawyer, explains it, under the doctrine of “reasonable use” the owners of a stream can use its water for drinking, boating, swimming, or anything else “as long as it’s in connection with their land.” But, he argues, “this does not include the right to transport water to some distant land for [some other] use. We’re arguing that the same is true with groundwater—you can’t sever it from the estate.” Michigan State Senator Ken Sikkema, who chaired a task force on Michigan water issues, rejects that argument: “A farmer pumps water out of the ground, waters potatoes, and sends the potatoes to Illinois—there’s no real differ- ence. The water in those potatoes is gone.” This reasoning hasn’t assuaged the fears of three American Indian tribes who have joined the fray. Citing an 1836 treaty that protects their fishing and hunting rights in the Great Lakes region, they have brought a federal lawsuit against Nestle? and the state of Michigan to stop what they see as a massive water grab. “Our fear,” says a spokesperson for the Little Traverse Bay Bands of Odawa Indians, “is that the export could significantly and permanently damage the fishery.” However, David K. Ladd, head of the Office of Great Lakes, argues that bottled water is a special case. Legally, he contends, it’s a “food,” regulated by the Food and Drug Administration. “There’s no difference between Perrier bottling water, Gerber making baby food, or Miller brewing beer. When you incorporate water from the basin into a product, it’s no longer water per se.” And Brendan O’Rourke, an Ice Mountain plant manager, adds that the 262 million gallons it wants to pump are less than 1 percent of the annual recharge rate of the local watershed, equivalent to just 14 minutes of evapora- tion from the surface of Lake Michigan. For their part, scientists opposed to the project argue that Nestle?’s pumping has already lowered the local water table and that northern pike are having trouble spawning in a stream fed by Sanctuary Spring. Jim Olson argues that the Ice Mountain plant should reduce its water consumption to 100 gallons per minute or less, not increase it to 400 gallons. “Every gallon removed is needed for the stream to sustain itself,” he states. “The right to withdraw groundwater does not include the right to diminish . . . existing or future uses.” To the surprise of many, Michigan state court judge Lawrence Root bought that argument and upheld the MCWC’s lawsuit. Ruling that the environment is at risk no matter how much water Nestle? draws out, he ordered the pumps turned off. Two years later, an appellate court reversed Judge Root’s deci- sion, and MCWC and Nestle? subsequently entered an agree- ment limiting Nestle?’s withdrawals from Sanctuary Spring to 250 gallons per minute—although there has been some legal skirmishing between the two antagonists since then. In the meantime, however, the political tide has turned against Nestle?. Small towns in Maine and California have opposed its building new bottled water plants in their jurisdictions; Congress has held hearings into the diversion of groundwater by bottled water companies and other businesses; and Michigan has passed.legislation that, among other things, makes it virtually impos- sible for operations such as the Ice Mountain plant to remove more than 100,000 gallons of groundwater per day

Assess this case from the perspective of the utilitarian, libertarian, and Rawlsian theories of justice. How would each address the case? Which theory’s approach do you find the most helpful or illuminating

***More of an Ethic/Philosophy question

What is your opinion/thought about individual identity in the 21st century? Out of the following: (libel, anonymity, privacy, control over genetic information) - which do you think has the most consequence on individual identity?

An article in the New York times states that there is a shocking new way to lose weight. A new wearable device called Pavlok claims it is successful in helping people lose weight. Here is how it works, whenever the wearer takes a bite of the foods they want to avoid, like chocolate or Cheez-Its, they use the Pavlok to give themselves a lightning-quick electric shock. “Every time I took a bite, I zapped myself,” one user said. “I did it five times on the first night, two times on the second night, and by the third day I didn’t have any cravings anymore.” As a psychology student you understand that the Pavlok is using the learning principles of classical conditioning to try to change behavior. Discuss the following: Identify the unconditioned stimulus, unconditioned response, neutral stimulus, conditioned stimulus, and conditioned response. Based on Pavlov's work what do you expect will happen when the user stops shocking themselves when they eat junk food? What is the term given to this in classical conditioning? Not everyone wants to shock themselves to try to lose weight. Using the principles of operant conditioning develop a behavior modification plan that will help this person change their eating behavior, without having to shock themselves. What would you suggest to get them to increase the amount of fruit and vegetables they eat? What would you suggest to help them decrease the amount of junk food they eat? Make sure you discuss postive and negative reinforcment. Make sure you discuss positive and negative punishment.

What is Rawls’ proof for the claim that his principles of justice would be chosen in an initial situation as opposed to other principles of justice?

Explain how a commercial can be deceptive or misleading but still not cross the line of illegally providing false information.

Sometimes the best way to test one’s own beliefs is via directed self-reflection. Let’s step back and consider whether people are good or bad. Look at some of the news stories you have already collected for previous modules. Focus on those that make an assumption as to whether people are good or bad. If you choose, you may research for new articles. Please select two to complete the following exercise:

Examine the arguments or assumptions that each article makes about the “good” or “bad” of the human action. Write one paragraph (minimum of 500 words) either defending or attacking the assumption made in the article on whether people are good or bad in this instance. Try to isolate key points in your paragraph that would point in one direction or the other. Close this writing exercise by identifying your own personal beliefs and defending it in this situation.

Pick a famous politician, business leader, or celebrity who has been arrested recently. What crime did he or she allegedly commit? Who was the victim?

Explain his or her actions from the point of view of one of the major sociological paradigms. What factors best explain how this person might be punished if convicted of the crime?

Please include reference of source.

Janine is a wholesale yarn salesperson working the northeastern US. Her territory covers all of Pennsylvania, New York, New Jersey, Washington, D.C., and Ohio. She lives in Harrisburg, PA with her husband and three children. Janine enjoys her job and loves being out on the road and meeting yarn shop owners and knitters. However, her employer, White Mountain Yarns, requires her to drive to Detroit for a monthly staff meeting; maintain an office outside of her home; complete redundant paperwork due to outdated systems; and often sets her store visit schedule in a way that results in a lot of backtracking, all of which cut into the time she has to build rapport with store owners and individual buyers of the products. The company also doesn't let her hold virtual client meetings, even though clients want them and they would save considerable time and money. Janine is one of the top 5 salespeople and her customers rave about her, however the company is making her job difficult. She doesn't want to quit her job, but many of the antiquated aspects have led her to consider either quitting or asking to be cut back to part time so she can have a better work life balance. Using the concepts, write up a proposal to redesign and/or enrich Janine’s job.

You are on a hiring committee for an attending physician at a major hospital in the United States. An upstanding, Anglo-Saxon doctor with more than 35 years on the job has passed away and it is your responsibility to fill the position. You have more than 50 resumes in your possession and some of them are from women and minorities. The hospital is dedicated to equal opportunities for all applicants, but you are unsure of how to apply this concept in this instance because no one seems to match up to the previous doctor. Every applicant is board certified, however, some attended “better” schools than others. Your assistant suggests you use the care ethic to emotionally connect to the life story of the applicants involved in order to determine the “short list.” You are unsure. In a minimum of 250 words, present an opinion on whether you should take life experiences into consideration when filling this position.

What were the moral dilemmas faced by the doctors in New Orleans? What were their options? What did they decide to do?

In 2014, researchers did an interesting study about the role of communication in the treatment of chronic back pain. The researchers randomly assigned patients with back pain to one of two groups. Half the patients in the study experienced only limited conversation from the physical therapist. With the other half of the patients the therapists asked open-ended questions and listened attentively to the answers. They expressed empathy about the patients’ situation and offered words of encouragement about getting better. Patients were questioned about their level of pain at the beginning of the study and after one month of physical therapy by a researcher who did not know to which groups the patients belonged. Patients who had physical therapists who communicated reported a greater reduction in pain as compared to those who had physical therapists who gave limited communication. Discuss this research. In your answer make sure you discuss the following: Identify the hypothesis, independent variable, and dependent variable. Did the study try to address the problem of selection bias? What is selection bias? Do you think the study was successful in addressing this problem? Did the study try to address the problem of experimenter bias? What is experimenter bias? Do you think the study was successful in addressing this problem? Why is this study better than a correlational study? What is the major limitation of correlational studies? How might the results of this study be used to influence how physical therapists are trained?

What are three concepts that Barbor offers?(Finding Real Love How to overcome alienation and get closer)

In not more than four paragraphs, substantiate why women conversation is said or considered to be typically inferior.

In not more than two paragraphs each, write short notes on the following concepts in gender and communication.

a. Gender equality

b. Gender mainstreaming

c. Gender equity

d. Gender stereotyping