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12-12 a. List the four defects present in the tetralogy of Fallot and state the effect...

12-12 a. List the four defects present in the tetralogy of Fallot and state the effect each has on blood flow.

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Expert Solution

Tetralogy of Fallot can be defined as a congenital heart defect. Here, four related heart defects change the way blood flows to the lungs and through the heart which are as follows :

  1. Ventricular septal defect can be dedined as a hole in the septum, or wall, separating the two ventricles, of the heart. The septum under normal circumstances acts as a barrier that prevents blood from both sides of the heart from mixing. But in the presence of VSD, the high-oxygen blood from the left ventricle and the low-oxygen blood from the right ventricle can mix. This can lead to either too little or too much blood flow going to the lungs.
  2. Pulmonary stenosis,can be defined as a narrowing or thickening of the valve that connects the right ventricle to the pulmonary artery.
    In case of pulmonary stenosis, the heart has to work harder in order to pump blood to the lungs. There is also less blood traveling to the lungs because the pathway is narrowed. This leads to less blood becoming red, oxygen-rich blood.
  3. Right ventricular hypertrophy can be defined as thickening of the muscular wall of the right ventricle. The thickened wall leads to blocking of the flow of blood through the pulmonary valve, which allows blood from the heart to flow into the lungs.
  4. An "overriding aorta," which means the artery that carries high-oxygen blood to the body is out of place and arises above both ventricles, instead of just the left ventricle, as in a healthy heart. This allows some blood that is low in oxygen to flow into the aorta and out to the body, instead of to the pulmonary artery, which would normally take it to the lungs to pick up oxygen.

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