Question

1. Name and explain the four defects in Tetralogy of Fallot?
2. What is a Tet spell? What nursing interventions can the nurse administer?
3. What are the characteristics of coarctation of the aorta?

Answer 1

Ans1.

Tetralogy of Fallot is a most commonly cynotic congenital heart diseases. It is characterized by the combination of four defects

A. Pulmonary stenosis

B. Ventricular septal defect

C. Overriding or dextroposition of aorta

D. Right ventricular hypertrophy

a. In pulmonary stenosis there is narrowing or stiffness of the pulmonary valve and tract around the valve , when blood flows from the right ventricle to pulmonary artery this narrowing create obstruction for blood flow.

It happens when the baby heart is not develop and in stenosis Dr hear heart murmur.

b. Ventricular septal defect- it is a hole between the right and left ventricle of the heart, it is diagnosed by the distinguished heart murmur due the backwards flowing of the blood within the ventricles, this incresse pulmonary flow and It is a most common defect and close within the first year of baby life is hole ii defect is small to moderate. it defect is medium to large with symptoms the surgical patching is required. There is not medical treatment available for VSD.

C.overidding or dextroposition of aorta- the blood vessels takes away blood from heart to all part of body is arises above the both ventricle instead of left ventricle, that cause the deoxygenated blood flows into the aorta instead of pulmonary artery.

D. Right ventricular hypertrophy- the overgrowth of the walls of the right because right ventricle is having high pressure. It left untreated leads to heart failure.

Ans2.

It is episode of cynosis caused by hypoxemia due to the obstruction of blood from pulmonary circulation which result in shifting of blood from right to left side of ventricles and cynosis will develop. It is also called blue spell it occur during period of crying, feeding or defeating.

Nursing interventions

1. Place infant in a knee chest postion and calm the infant. This position decrease the right to left shunting in the ventricles.

2. Oxygen administration upto ? via face mask or blow by.

3. Administration of morphine sulphate via IV line or subcutaneous to prevent infundibular spasm.

4.. Administration of IV fluid to hydrate the infant.

5.document the procedure.

Ans3.

Coarctation of aorta is a distinct narrowing or a long segment hypoplasia of the aortic arch, usually distant to the subclavian artery. In easy meaning narrowing of the aorta located after the branching of the arteries.

Characteristics

1.Decrease pressure in the renal or other organs getting supply from descending aorta.

2.Claudication in the legs

3.Absent of femoral pulse.

4.Increse Pressure in the organ getting supply from ascending aorta result in headache, coronary diseases, EVA and saccular aneurysm. Hypertension in the upper extremity.

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