Question

Identify at least on sampling issue that would be particularly relevant at each level of the public health pyramid. Which strategy could be used to minimize these problems?

Answer 1

At the direct services level of public health pyramid, health program focuses on individuals. This makes the program knowable and accessible to evaluators. This makes a simple probability sample of programme participants possible. But getting probility of nonparticipants is a sampling issue.

At the enabling service level, health program are more focused on large groups. This makes it challenging to evaluate in terms of effect. The sampling frame becomes less accessible and knowable to the evaluators. This sampling issue can be overcome if evaluation sampling program is creative and tailored precisely, accurately and carefull to meet the program needs. Response biases is another issue due to challenges in data collection from tge groups.

At the population service level, programs are made to effect the whole population. It makes the evaluation options limited and all the more difficult. This can be overcome by implementing better evaluation tools and taking help from web services creating data collection tools.

At the infrastructural level, programs work to improve the healthcare organizations and public health system. The effect evaluation question determines whether the evaluation concentrates on the changes in infrastructural or changes in health status of the client. This distinction influences the sample that is needed to answer the intervention effect wuestion.