Piles are driven with hammers that are mounted on cranes. There are several commonly used hammer types to install piles. List at least two hammer types with brief explanation about its function and usage (DO NOT copy and paste contents from lecture slides. Use your own words.)

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The code of ethics of the American Institute of Constructors' use depends on the extent to which members of the profession abide by it in practice.

A single-storey brick veneer house (single layer of brick on a timber frame) has a front corner lounge-room with a floorplan measuring 4.0 m by 3.8 m. The ceiling is 3.0 m high. The building fabric of the two exterior walls comprises a 12 mm thick layer of plaster, a 100 mm air gap and the exterior house bricks (110 mm thick). One of these walls has a window measuring 2.7 m wide by 1.35 m high, featuring a 3-mm thick glass pane installed in the mid-1950s. The floor is carpet over 19 mm thick pine floorboards, and the house is on stumps with a ventilated air gap between the ground and the floorboards. The ceiling is 12 mm plasterboard covered with a 50 mm thick layer of loose fill insulation in the roof cavity. This house is located in suburban Melbourne.

Based on your own research into pricing for retrofitting double glazing, modern insulating single-glazing, adding ceiling or under-floor insulation, or other measures, what would be the most cost-effective strategy for improving the heat retention of the room? Show calculated results for at least three alternatives.

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Using the formulas and codes provided by ACI 318
1. Design a square interior column footing for a 15-in. square tied interior column that supports a dead load of 160 kips and live load of 180 kips. The column is reinforced with eight # 8 bars, also, the base of the footing is 6 ft below the grade line, the soil weight is 100 lb/ft3, the concrete weight is 150 lb/ft3, f’c = 4,000 psi, fy = 60,000 psi and qa = 4 kip/ft2.

2. What is the importance of providing enough thickness for the footing of a structure.

Q3:There is always adverse effect of fossil fuels on the environment.Discuss various environmental impact of
combustible materials.

B)Water is a precious resource and no existence of life without it. It has been predicted that there will be a water scarcity in the future due to water pollution. a. Can you share your views how the water is getting polluted nowadays? (Any four ways) (2) b. Write any two measures to stop the water pollution at your level?

A). As an Engineer, you are requested to implement a small wastewater treatment plant for our college campus. Explain the different steps or stages involved in the wastewater treatment process.

Discuss:
1. Experimental vs. theoretical values for the horizontal reactions.
2. A UDL is the most significant contribution to the horizontal reaction. This is mainly
because of the weight of the road deck of a bridge.
3. What is the relationship between the rise (r) and the horizontal reaction?

4. Discuss: a three-pinned arch is ideal for sites where the abutments are likely to
settle. Obviously, the shape of the arch has no bearing on the horizontal reaction
(given the same span and rise)

Discuss the mechanisms of permeability and hydraulic gradients and their effect on groundwater movement.

Use LRFD and select the lightest C6 channel to be used as a tension member to resist the following service loads: The service dead load of 20 kips and service live load of 32 kips. The member is 12 ft long. The member will be connected by a transverse weld at the end of the channel only.

1. What is the liquid limit? Explain.

2. What is the plastic limit? Explain.
3. Which apparatus will be used for liquid limit calculation?

4. What is the procedure used for plastic limit calculation?

describe a detailed overview of affordability of water in middle income areas