The Oil and Gas (O&G) industry is by its nature a high risk industry. The industries’ products, hydrocarbons produced and transported, supply the world market with substantial amounts of fuel and raw product for a number of industrial activities. Therefore the O&G industry handles large quantities of flammable and hazardous substances in the high energy environment encountered subsurface with high pressure and temperature scenarios, explosion prone environment, electrical hazard, falling hazards, and mechanical structure failure. In some cases the risk situation is complicated by a highly toxic gaseous by- product - hydrogen sulfide (H2S). These high energy situations and severe forces call for highly developed Health, Safety and Environment (HSE) Management Systems and Cultures. Despite the high-performance risk control approach the O&G industry has implemented, the industry has seen a number of major accidents with extensive consequences. A major accident involving hydrocarbons puts at stake the lives of personnel working at the site, the life and health of populations in neighbouring communities. Based on your understanding and what you study in the course answer the following questions: a. How chemical hazard is considered as major risk to oil and gas industry and what are the causes of it? (risks – 2.5 marks, causes – 2.5 marks)

Explain how you would decide what light levels are required on a work surface for particular workplaces. Give at least five examples of different visual tasks and state the range of illuminance that is acceptable for that task.

.) An MSDS gives information about

1. Hazardous chemicals
2. Injuries in the work place
3. Medical examinations
4. Machinery maintenance
5. None of the above

9.) OSHA’s mission is to

1. Protect the safety and health of the general public
2. Protect the safety and health of the U.S. workforce
3. Ensure that all workers are subject to annual physicals
4. Develop medical and exposure records for all workers
5. None of the above

10.) The right of workers to seek safety and health in the job without fear of punishment is spelled out in:

1. State OSHA Laws
2. OSHA Technical Standards
3. Section 11(c) of the OSHA Act
4. Section 5(a)(1) of the OSHA Act
5. OSHA 300 Requirements

11.) To protect against pipe leakage of a gas into a confined space after a shutoff valve has been closed, the practice of the absolute closure of the pipe by the fastening of a solid plate between two flanges that completely covers the pipe’s bore and with no leakage beyond the plate is referred to as ______________.

1. Double blocking
2. Double bleed
3. Blanking/blinding
4. Inerting
5. Line breaking

Vertical Curves:

Problem 1

Given an equal tangent parabolic curve, a +0.50% grade meets a -2.50% grade at Station 12+35.00 with an elevation of 305.12’, with L = 6 sta. Calculate the high point station. Provide the elevations at the PVC, PVT, High point, and at all full stations.

Practically list out the problems due to improper design of pavement and explain the alternative solution to
support the design of pavement.

Deformation of rocks such as fold and fault were due to the movement of large plates of Earth to each other throughout geological time. Sketch and discuss the differences between fold and fault in term of definition, stress characteristics, structure movement and structure types.

Geology subject

In regards to transport engineering,

Write paragraphs about 120 words each with references in Harvard style

1. Methods of Vehicle Classification Study?

eg:- Turning Movement Study

2. Methods of Turning Movement Study

A hyetograph table for a precipitation event is given as below. Calculate the total precipitation depth (in cm) for this event.

A branching pipe connects two storage tanks as shown in Figure Q3 below. Figure Q3

(a) Write down the continuity equation as it applies to flows in the pipes 1, 2 and 3. [1 mark]

(b) Write down the energy equation in terms of energy heads at A and at B and quantities relating to flow in the pipes in between. [2 marks]

(c) What can be said about the energy loss in pipe 2 relative to that in pipe 3? [2 marks]

(d) Using the dimensions in Table Q3 below calculate the flow rate between the two reservoirs. Iteration for more refined values of  is not required. [15 marks]

Pipe No. Diameter [mm] Length [m] Friction Factor,

 1 280 600 0.016 2 230 270 0.017 3 340 270 0.019 Table Q3

Outline a program of hydrogeological investigations for this site designed to identify potential groundwater flow paths and to assess the likely rate of flow of water into the proposed excavation. In your answer, you should also consider the potential for seasonal variability in groundwater level and explain how this could be evaluated. In your discussion, assume that the groundwater system is unconfined.

(b) Answer the following in relation to flow through orifices.

(i) Explain why the coefficient of contraction is included in the discharge equation for flow through a small orifice. [3 marks]

(ii) If a small orifice meter with a diameter of 0.016 m discharges flow at a rate of 6 x 10-4 m3 /s under a head of 1.6 m, what is the value of the discharge coefficient? [2 marks]

(iii) Explain the hydraulic difference between a small orifice and a large orifice.

(b) Answer the following in relation to flow through orifices. (i) Explain why the coefficient of contraction is included in the discharge equation for flow through a small orifice. [3 marks] (ii) If a small orifice meter with a diameter of 0.016 m discharges flow at a rate of 6 x 10-4 m3 /s under a head of 1.6 m, what is the value of the discharge coefficient? [2 marks] (iii) Explain the hydraulic difference between a small orifice and a large orifice. [2 marks] (c) A 55m long dam wall holds back water that is 175m deep. Calculate: (i) The hydrostatic force exerted by water on the dam. [1.5 marks] (ii) The overturning moment generated about the dam base. [1.5 marks] (d) A block of an unknown material weighs 9.5 N in air and 8.9 N when submerged in water. What is the density of the material? [5 marks]

(b) Answer the following in relation to flow through orifices. (i) Explain why the coefficient of contraction is included in the discharge equation for flow through a small orifice. [3 marks] (ii) If a small orifice meter with a diameter of 0.016 m discharges flow at a rate of 6 x 10-4 m3 /s under a head of 1.6 m, what is the value of the discharge coefficient? [2 marks] (iii) Explain the hydraulic difference between a small orifice and a large orifice. [2 marks]

Can someone write a short reflection using these questions?
1. what are the push and pull factors of migration?
2. What would be the result of out-migration of the nationals to the country?
3. What is the result of in-migration of persons to their destination country?
i would love to give thumbs up to everyone who tries to answer. Thank you.