(b) Answer the following in relation to flow through orifices. (i) Explain why the coefficient of contraction is included in the discharge equation for flow through a small orifice. [3 marks] (ii) If a small orifice meter with a diameter of 0.016 m discharges flow at a rate of 6 x 10-4 m3 /s under a head of 1.6 m, what is the value of the discharge coefficient? [2 marks] (iii) Explain the hydraulic difference between a small orifice and a large orifice. [2 marks] (c) A 55m long dam wall holds back water that is 175m deep. Calculate: (i) The hydrostatic force exerted by water on the dam. [1.5 marks] (ii) The overturning moment generated about the dam base. [1.5 marks] (d) A block of an unknown material weighs 9.5 N in air and 8.9 N when submerged in water. What is the density of the material? [5 marks]

(b) Answer the following in relation to flow through orifices. (i) Explain why the coefficient of contraction is included in the discharge equation for flow through a small orifice. [3 marks] (ii) If a small orifice meter with a diameter of 0.016 m discharges flow at a rate of 6 x 10-4 m3 /s under a head of 1.6 m, what is the value of the discharge coefficient? [2 marks] (iii) Explain the hydraulic difference between a small orifice and a large orifice. [2 marks]

Can someone write a short reflection using these questions?
1. what are the push and pull factors of migration?
2. What would be the result of out-migration of the nationals to the country?
3. What is the result of in-migration of persons to their destination country?
i would love to give thumbs up to everyone who tries to answer. Thank you.

Common data

g = 9.81 m/s².
The standard properties of water are density: ϱH2O=1kg/dm3ϱH2O=1kg/dm3 exactly, kinematic viscosity: νH2O=1.02⋅10−6m2/sνH2O=1.02⋅10−6m2/s.

Lubrication oil is pumped at a rate of 30.5 cm³/s through a 13 m long D = 7.5 mm diameter pipe on a steam engine. The pipe roughness is ε = 1.5 µm. The density of the lubricating oil is 960 kg/m³, its dynamic viscosity at 25 °C is 4 Pa·s.

Do not forget to tick the appropriate units!

• What is the weight flow rate of the lubricating oil?
• What is the momentum flow rate in the pipe?
• What is the Reynolds number?
• What is the head loss along the pipe?
• What is the pressure drop along the pipe?
• Calculate the power the oil pump needs to deliver.

• As the temperature rises to 95 °C, the dynamic viscosity drops by a factor of 100. How does this change the flow type and the required power?

• The new Reynolds number will be:
• The power of the pump becomes:

(a) In terms of relative strength, put fcd (design strength of concrete), fck
(characteristic strength of concrete) and fcm (mean strength of
concrete) in order from lowest to highest strength. (3)
(b) Approximately, what is the tensile strength of concrete as a
percentage of its compressive strength? (1)
(c) Draw and name all necessary reinforcement for the simply supported
beam and static loading case shown at Figure 3a. (6)
(d) Recreate the table in Figure 3b in your script books and fill in by
writing “Poor” and “Good” words to describe the property of the
material.

What document summarizes the financial position of the construction company?

Question options:

An oil company wishes to construct a pressurised pipeline of 300 mm diameter to convey freshwater, of bulk modulus 2.10x109 N/m2 from a desalination plant to a refinery at a rate of 350 l/s and with a pipe period of 4 seconds. Calculate the corresponding theoretical surge pressure induced within the pipeline by the complete closure of an on-line valve (located at the end of the pipe) in 8 seconds. The valve generates non-uniform retardation of type R = At0.65. The steel pipe has 5 mm thick walls, a Young’s modulus of 2.1x1011 N/m2 and Poisson’s ratio of 0.28. Calculate the pressure transients at the valve in the pipeline, for the first 12 seconds after the valve starts to close. Assume that pipe is longitudinally restrained.

What sort of actions could the company has undertaken to protect the 3rd party audit ? and What detail should you provide to OSHA when discussing the audit findings?

Q1. For the given velocity distribution in a pipe:

where v(r)=velocity at a distance r from the centerline of the pipe, V₀=centerline velocity, and R=radius of the pipe. Find the average velocity, energy and momentum correction factors.

1. (15 pts) List five different advantages of composite materials over conventional materials.
2. (15 pts) Calculate the modulus of elasticity of a fiber-reinforced polymer composite under isostrain condition if the composite consists of 35% fibers and 65% polymer by volume. Also, calculate the percentage of load carried by the fibers. The modulus of elasticity of the fibers and the polymer are 345 GPa and 3.5 GPa, respectively .
3. (20 Pts) A fiberglass composite consists of epoxy matrix reinforced with randomly oriented and uniformly distributed E-glass fibers. The modulus of elasticity of the glass fibers and the epoxy are 70 GPa and 6 GPa, respectively. Calculate the modulus of elasticity of the fiberglass if the volume percentage of fibers is (a) 25%, (b) 50%, and (c) 75%. Plot a graph showing the relationship between the modulus of elasticity of the fiberglass and the percent of fibers. Comment on the effect of the percent of glass fibers on the modulus of elasticity of fiberglass.
4. (30 pts) A short reinforced concrete column is subjected to a 1000 kN axial compressive load. The moduli of elasticity of plain concrete and steel are 25 GPa and 207 GPa, respectively, and the cross-sectional area of steel is 2% of that of the reinforced concrete. Considering the column as a structural member made of a composite material and subjected to load parallel to the steel rebars, calculate the following:

a. the modulus of elasticity of the reinforced concrete

b. the load carried by each of the steel and plain concrete

c. the minimum required cross-sectional area of the column given that the allowable compressive stress of plain concrete is 20 MPa and that the allowable compressive stress of plain concrete will be reached before that of steel.

d. Plot the stress-strain behavior for the steel fiber, concrete and composite on the same plot.

5. You are planning a water supply scheme in an area where you have both surface and sub-surface water resources. Disucss the factors which you will take into account to seclect one of the soruces for your scheme/project.

Two fuel storage tanks will be placed at an oil refinery near Bakersfield. The tanks are 10 m in diameter, are spaced center-to-center at 15 m, and contain fuel that has a Gs=0.95. The height of the fuel in the tanks is 4 m. Determine the stress change in the soil below the tanks at 4 locations: a) beneath the centerline between the tanks, b) beneath the edge closest to the other tank, c) beneath the center of one tank, and d) beneath the far edge of the tank. These calculation need to be carried out for a depth of 10 m. Assume the base of the tanks rests on the ground surface (no embedment), that the water table is very deep, and the unit weight is 18 kN/m3 .

A crossing track was constructed over a water channel with a total length of 1700 m and width of 40 m. If you know that the maximum flow that can be carried by the water channel is 400 m3/s over a 25-year storm event. Calculate:

a. The probability that the crossing track will flood next year.

b. The probability that the crossing track will flood at least once in the next 12 years.

c. The probability that the crossing track will not flood in the next 12 years.

d. The probability that the crossing track will flood exactly 5 times in the next 12 years. e. The probability that the crossing track will flood at least three times in the next 250 years.