Question

For lymphocytic Hodgkin and Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma, discuss the possible causes, types, mutations and the laboratory diagnosis of each type?

Answer 1

Answers :

	lymphocytic Hodgkin	Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma
Over View	Hodgkin's lymphoma — formerly known as Hodgkin's disease — is a cancer of the lymphatic system, which is part of your immune system. It may affect people of any age, but is most common in people between 20 and 40 years old and those over 55. In Hodgkin's lymphoma, cells in the lymphatic system grow abnormally and may spread beyond it. Hodgkin's lymphoma is one of two common types of cancers of the lymphatic system. The other type, non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, is far more common. Advances in diagnosis and treatment of Hodgkin's lymphoma have helped give people with this disease the chance for a full recovery. The prognosis continues to improve for people with Hodgkin's lymphoma.	Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma is cancer that originates in your lymphatic system, the disease-fighting network spread throughout your body. In non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, tumors develop from lymphocytes — a type of white blood cell. Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma is more common than the other general type of lymphoma — Hodgkin lymphoma. Many different subtypes of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma exist. Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma and follicular lymphoma are among the most common subtypes. Advances in diagnosis and treatment of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma have helped improve the prognosis for people with this disease.
Possible causes	Doctors aren't sure what causes Hodgkin's lymphoma. But it begins when an infection-fighting cell called a lymphocyte develops a genetic mutation. The mutation tells the cell to multiply rapidly, causing many diseased cells that continue multiplying. The mutation causes a large number of oversized, abnormal lymphocytes to accumulate in the lymphatic system, where they crowd out healthy cells and cause the signs and symptoms of Hodgkin's lymphoma. Various types of Hodgkin's lymphoma exist. Your diagnosis is based on the types of cells involved in your disease and their behavior. The type of lymphoma you are diagnosed with determines your treatment options.	In most cases, doctors don't know what causes non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. In some cases, it's due to a weakened immune system. But it begins when your body produces too many abnormal lymphocytes — a type of white blood cell. Normally, lymphocytes go through a predictable life cycle. Old lymphocytes die, and your body creates new ones to replace them. In non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, your lymphocytes don't die, but continue to grow and divide. This oversupply of lymphocytes crowds into your lymph nodes, causing them to swell. Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma can begin in the: B cells. B cells fight infection by producing antibodies that neutralize foreign invaders. Most non-Hodgkin's lymphoma arises from B cells. Subtypes of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma that involve B cells include diffuse large B-cell lymphoma, follicular lymphoma, mantle cell lymphoma and Burkitt lymphoma. T cells. T cells are involved in killing foreign invaders directly. Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma occurs less often in T cells. Subtypes of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma that involve T cells include peripheral T-cell lymphoma and cutaneous T-cell lymphoma. Whether your non-Hodgkin's lymphoma arises from your B cells or T cells helps to determine your treatment options.
Types	> Chronic lymphocytic leukemia > Cutaneous B-cell lymphoma > Cutaneous T-cell lymphoma > Lymphoma	> Chronic lymphocytic leukemia > Cutaneous B-cell lymphoma > Cutaneous T-cell lymphoma > Follicular lymphoma > Waldenstrom macroglobulinemia
Mutations	In Hodgkin's lymphoma (HL), HRS cells and L&H cells show somatically mutated clonally rearranged immunoglobulin genes, thus characterizing these cells genetically as germinal center B cells. These cells furthermore show mutations of oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes in some cases (p53, IkappaBalpha, CD95/Fas).	Non-Hodgkin lymphomas (NHLs) are cancers of B, T or natural killer lymphocytes. The two most common types of NHL, follicular lymphoma (FL) and diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL), together comprise 60% of new B-cell NHL diagnoses each year in North America.
Laboratory diagnosis	Blood tests may include a complete blood count (CBC) and an analysis of the different types of white blood cells, in addition to the erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR or "sed rate") and liver and kidney function tests. Blood tests alone cannot detect Hodgkin lymphoma.	Tests may include X-ray, CT, MRI and positron emission tomography (PET). Lymph node test. Your doctor may recommend a lymph node biopsy procedure to remove all or part of a lymph node for laboratory testing. Analyzing lymph node tissue in a lab may reveal whether you have non-Hodgkin's lymphoma and, if so, which type.