Question

For each of the following medications discuss causes and consequences of noncompliance and possible solutions.

Cephalosporins

Corticosteriods

Sulfonulureas (as an adjunct to insulin therapy)

Levothyroxine

Answer 1

CEPHALOSPORINS:- Cephalosporins are the antibiotics used to treat the bacterial infections such as respiratory tract infections ,urinary tract infections,skin infections.

causes/ therapeutic uses:- A) Ist generations cephalosporins :- staphylococcus aureus,staphylococcus epidermis, Group A B beta hemolytic streptococcus, Group B streptococcus,streptococci pneumomiae these are the gram positve bacteria. where as gram negative bacteria like E.coli , klebsillea pneumoniae, proteus mirabilis. poor activity against influenza pneumoniae and moraxella catarrhalis. Active against the most penicilline susceptible anaerobes found in the oral cavity except bacteriodes fragilis group. B) 2nd generation cephalosporins :- gram negative anaerobes like Hemophilus influenzae, Moraxella catarrhalis, proteus mirabilis, E.coli ,klebsiella ,nisseria gonorrohea.Used in upper and lower respiratory tract infections ,acute sinusitis,otitis media, uncomplicated UTI ,aerobic and anerobic infections of soft tissues , intra abdomen,gynecological infections and surgical prohylaxis. C) 3rd generation cephalosporins:- Gram negative bacteria like hemophilus influenzae, moraxella catarrhalis, neisseria meningitidis, and other used in treatment of bacillary meningitis ,serious infections of enterobacterioace, upper and lower respiratory tract infections , otitis media, pyleonephritis, d)4th generation cephalosporins:- cefipime and cefipirome are highly active against nasocomial infections, cefipime penetrates the CSF and can be used in the treatment of meningitis. E) 5th generation cephalosporins:-Ceftarolin acts against multidrug restitance to the staphylococcus aureus and enterococcus.

NONCOMPLIANCE: the misusge of the this cephalosporins can cause the emergence of multi drug resistence bacteria

CORTICOSTERIODS:- these are used to get relief from inflemmed body parts and to lessen swelling ,pain,redness , itching, allaergic reactions. Corticosteriods are classified into 2 types glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoids. glucocorticoids are used to suppress the inflamation and immunity and to assist in breakdown of carbohydrates fats and protiens.where as mineralocorticoids helps in maintenance of salts and fliud balane in the body.

glucocorticoids are used to treat athritis,systemic lupus, psoriasis, leukemia, lymphomas, bronchitis,colitis, asthma.

mineralocorticosteriods are use to trest Addisons disease ,congenital adrenal hyperplasia, and used to treat hyotension.