Question

QUESTION 1
Discuss in detail the evolutionary stages of counseling.Explain this theories.

Existential therapy,Behaviour Centered,Freud Approach,Cognitive Behaviour,Family therapy,Humanism

Explain the philosophies of these therapies and explain how they related to counseling

Answer 1

Councelling focuses on providing therapeutic treatments to client who experience a wide variety of symptoms.Councelling as a profession relatively new.Counceling is often performed face to face in confidential sessions between the counselor and the client.However councelling can be undertaken by telephone ,in writing and in these days of the internet.

Councelling is not giving opinion ,instruction or advice ,it is using facilitative listening and questioning to allow the client to choose the best solution for a problem.

Existential approach

Existential approach can be described as aphilosophical approach that is not designed to cure people but instead helps the client reflect and search for value and meaning in life.Extentialism understands the human to be challenged by the reality of temporary existence,and the view that life has no inherent meaning and that the meaning had to be constructed.

This perspective was introduced into the US by the Rollo May .He believed that the individual can only be understood in terms of their subjective sense of self.According to extenstialists ,human being forms their life by the choices they make .They focus on the freedom of choice and the action that goes with it.We have no existense apart from the world.Being in the world is man's existense .The basic issue in life is that life inevitably ends in death.

Role of a counselor in extenstialist are focused on helping the client achieve and expand their self awareness.The counselor is concerened about what matters most to the client and avoiding imposing her own judgements ,and to help the client to elaborate on his own perspective.

The special goal of the extentail councelor is that ;

To enable people to become more truthful with themselves.

To help the client to reflect upon and understand their existence.

To increase the self awareness and authentic living.

PERSON CENTERED APPROACH

This approach is founded by Carl Rogers in 1940s is based on the belief that people have the capacity and right to move towards self actualisation.This approach view people as rational ,forward moving and realistric beings .

Rogers believed that people are essentially good .Humans are charecteristically positive ,forward moving ,constructive ,realistic and trustworthy.

concelors role is a holistic one .He or she sets up and promote a climate in which the client is free and is encouraged to explore all aspects of self.

The goal of person centered counselling considers the client as a person not his or her problem .The aim to make them more confident ,more self directed ,more positively valued by themselves and less likely to be upset by stressed.

FREUD APPROACH

This approach is developed by Sigmund frued in the early 1900s involves the analysing the root causes of behaviour and feelings by exploring the unconcious mind and the concious mind's relation to it.

Fruedian view of human nature is dyanamic .According to him human nature could be explained in terms of a concious mind,a subconcious and an unconcious mind.

Councelors who practice psychoanalysis play the role of experts .They encourage their client to talk about whatever comes in their mind,especially childhood experiences.

The goal of psychoanalysis varies according to the client ,but they mainly focus on personal adjustments,usually inducing a reorganisation of internal forces within the person .Psychoanalysis stresses enviornmental adjustments ,especially in the areas of work and intimacy.

COGNITIVE BEHAVIOURAL THERAPY

Albert Ellis started cognitive behavioural therapy in 1955.This technique assumes that cognitions ,emotions and behaviours interact and have a reciprocal cause and effect relationship.It is very directive and concerened as much with thinking as with feeling.

It assumes that we all are born with a potential for both rational and irrational thinking.There is a biological and cultural tendency to think crookedly and needlessly to disturb ourselves.

Councelors are active and direct in this approach .They act as instructors who correct and teach clients cognitions.

FAMILY THERAPY

Family therapy is one of the branch of psychotherapy in this the therapy works with the family members.

This concept is developed by the family therapists specifically the family system theorists.Its principles applied through the concept of human behaviour.It first developed in early 1940s .A strong support from the principles of psychoanalysis also make use in this family therapy.  

HUMANIST THEORY

Humanistic theories developed as a reaction to an increasingly developed world ,freudian psychoanalysis and behaviourism .

This theories first appered in the writings of alder,Carl jung and karen horney.

Unconditional positive regard ,empathy ,congruence ,authenticity ,client caring strategies and different assessment methods are the core conditions of this theory.