Question

You will be pre-assigned as a team to one of the following Units: Unit Three: Maintenance of Homeostasis; Unit Eleven: Respiratory Drugs; Unit Twelve: Cardiovascular Drugs; Unit Thirteen: Gastrointestinal Drugs.

Prepare a 15-minute Summary Presentation for a class to include the following:

Summary of the Unit/Classification

Minimum of three types of drugs or supplements

Typical routes of administration

Common side effects and adverse effects

Special considerations

Common Nursing interventions

Teams must distill the material to only key points. The presentation may be a PowerPoint, lecture, and handouts, poster or anyway the team feels they will best present the information. Use your textbook and Davis's Drug Guide as your resources.

Answer 1

Maintenance of Homeostasis-

• it is the tendency to resist change to maintain a constant environment .
• it typically involves a negative feedback loops.
• Biological systems are pushed away from their balance points.
• It depends on the ability of body to detct and oppose the changes.
• it usually involves negative feedback loops

Firstly high temperatures which is the sensor detect the stimulus regulated by control center which inturn activate effectors which brings the temperature down.Homeostasis depends on feedback loops .So anything which interferes with the feedback mechanisms can disrupt homeostasis in the human body this may cause disease.

Unit 11-Respiratory Medications

a

• .Antitussives-act on the cough control center in the medulla to suppress the cough reflex.
• Egs are Codeine phosphate.
• Routes of administration-oral
• Sideeffects are dizziness,drowsiness,sedation,,gastrointestinal irritation,drymouth,constipation.
• Nursing Interventions are

-Encourage the client to take adequate fluids with the medication.

-Advise the client to sleep with the bed elevated,

-Instruct the client to avoid hazardous activities.

-Instruct the client to avoid using alcohol.

b Nasal Decongestants - include adrenergic ,anticholinergic and corticosteroid medications.These medications shrink nasal mucosal membranes and reduce fluid secretion.it is used in allergic rhinitis

It is administered nasally. Egs Privine,Tyzine

Sideffects- frequent use of decongestants ,especialy nasal sprays can result in tolerance and rebound nasal congestion caused by irritation of the nasal mucosa.,Nervousness,Restlessness,insomnia,Hypertension,Hyperglycaemia.

Nursing Interventions are

• Assess the client for existing medical disorders
• Monitor for cardiac dysrhythmias.
• Monitor Blood Gucose level
• Instruct the client in the importance of limiting the use of nasal sprays and drops as it cause tolerance and rebound nasal congestion caused by irritation of nasal mucosa.

Expectorants-loosen bronchial secretions so that they can be eliminated with coughing.they are used for unproductive cough and to stimulate bronchial secretions.Acetylcysteine can increase airway resistance and should not be used in clients with Asthma.

Egs Mucomyst,Mucinex .it is administered orally.

Sideeffects are it cause Gastrointestinal irritation,Rash,oropharyngeal irrritation.

Interventions-Instruct the client to take medication with a full glass of water to loosen the mucus.

-Instruct the client to maintain adequate fluid intake .

-Encourage the client to cough and deep breathe.

-Acetylcysteine ,administered by nebulization,should not be mixed with other medication.

Cardiovascular Drugs

a.Thrombolytic Medications-activate plasminogen,genertes plasmin(the enzyme that dissolves clot)They are used early in the course of MI to restore blood flow,limit myocardial damage,preserve left ventricular function and prevent death.They are used in arterial thrombosis,deep vein thrombosis,occluded shunts and pulmonary emboli.

Administration- Intravenous Egs are Alteplase

Sideeffects-bleeding,dysrhythmias,Allergic reactions

Interventions-Monitor vital signs.

-Assess pulses

-Monitor for bleeding

-Monitor all excretions for occult blood.

-Monitor for hypotension and tachtcardia

-Instruct the client to use an electric razor for shaving and to brush teeth gently.

b Antiplatelet Medications-inhibit the aggregation of platelets in the clotting process,thereby prolonging the bleeding time.THey may be used along with anticoagulants.

ADministration- Egs Abciximab

Sideeffects- Gastrointestinal bleeding,Bruising,Haematuria,Tarry stools.

Interventions-Determine sensitivity before administration

-Monitor vital signs.

-Instruct the client to take medication with food if gastrointestinal upset.

-Monitor bleeding time.

-Monitor for sideeffects related to bleeding.

cAnticoagulants-it prevent the extension and formation of clots by inhibiting factors in the clotting cascade and decreasing blood coagulability.They are administerd when there is evidence of clot formation.

Route of administration-Subcutaneously .Eg Heparin .It prevents thromboembolism.

Sideeffects-Haemorrhage,Hematuria,Epistaxis,Ecchymosis,Bleeding Gums,Thrombocytopenia

Interventions-Monitor Activated partial thromboplastin time

-Monitor PLatelet count

-Observe for bleeding gums

Instruct the client regarding measures to control bleeding.

Gastrointestinal Drugs.

a Antacids -react with gastric acid to produce neutral salts or salts of low acidity.It is used for the treatment of peptic ulcer disease and GERD.

Route of administration- Eg Milk of Magnesia

Sideffects are some versions of antacids with magnesium causes diarrhea and with calcium causes constipation .Longterm cause cause kidney stones.Acid rebound.

Interventions

• Interfere with the absorption of medicines such as antibiotics.
• Monitor bowel function.
• Monitor electrolytes

b.Histamine Receptor Antagonists-suppress secretion of gastric acid and alleviate symptoms of heartburn and assist in preventing complications of peptic ulcer disease.Eg Ranitidine,oral,Intravenously or intramuscularly.

Sideffects are headache,drowsiness,insomnia,impotence,nausea,vomiting,diarrhea.

Nursing interventions

-Monitor creatinine clearanceif renal dysfunction is present or suspected

-Check for early signs of hepatotoxicity.

c. Gastric protectants-Eg Misoprostol-is an antisecretory medication that enhances mucosal defenses.It suppresses secretion of gastric acid and maintain submucosal blood flow by promoting vasodilation

Administration -oral

Adverse effects -Headache,Diarrhea,abdominal pain,nausea,flatulence,vomiting,constipation.

Nursing interventions -

-Monitor for diarrhea,may be minimized by giving drugs after meals and at bedtime.

-Advise the patient to avoid magnesium containing antacids because of increased incidence of diarrhea.

-Do not breast fed while taking the drug.