why thermal power plants have minimum and maximum output

Estimate the generating cost per unit supplied from a power plant having data:
Output per year = 4 × 108 kWh, Load factor = 50%, Annual fixed charges = Rs. 40 per kW,
Annual running charges = 4 paisa per kWh

What is the physics to form the energy bandgap in semiconductor? What is the reason the Si has smaller energy bandgap than GaN?

Problem Statement:
Amplifier is the generic term used to describe a circuit which produces and increased version of
its input signal. However, not all amplifier circuits are the same as they are classified according to
their circuit configurations and modes of operation.
A two stage audio amplifier has two stages with the audio signal being given as the input of first
stage and the amplified voltage signal is the output of the second stage amplifier) which drives the
load (8 ohm speaker). The block diagram of a two stage amplifier is given by:

First Stage: The first stage is a common emitter amplifier configuration. The common emitter
amplifier is used as a voltage amplifier. The input of this amplifier is taken from the base terminal,
the output is collected from the collector terminal and the emitter terminal is common for both the
terminals.
It is commonly used in the following applications:
 The common emitter amplifiers are used in the low-frequency voltage amplifiers.
 These amplifiers are used typically in the RF circuits.
 In general, the amplifiers are used in the Low noise amplifiers
It has the following advantages:
 The common emitter amplifier has a low input impedance and it is an inverting amplifier
 The output impedance of this amplifier is high
 This amplifier has highest power gain when combined with medium voltage and current
gain
 The current gain of the common emitter amplifier is high
Second Stage: The second stage is a common collector amplifier configuration. Input signal is
applied to the base terminal and the output signal taken from the emitter terminal. Thus the
collector terminal is common to both the input and output circuits. This type of configuration is
called Common Collector, (CC) because the collector terminal is effectively “grounded” or
“earthed” through the power supply

*TASK*:

To solve the Complex Engineering Problem refer to the above circuit diagram and follow these
steps :
Step 1. It is required to design the first amplifier stage with the following specifications for Q1:
IE= 1.5mA β=100 Vcc=15V

Step 2: Using the results obtained in step 1, perform the complete DC analysis of the above circuit.
Assume that β=100 for Q2
Step 3: Select the appropriate small signal model to carry out the ac analysis of the circuit. Assume
that the input signal from the mic vsig=10mVpeak sinusoidal waveform with f=20 kHz. Also find
the peak value of the amplified output signal.

i have to be able to teach and explain by presentation " designing a synchronous counter in VHDL" thank you, please layman terms

Discuss the difference between class A, B, and AB amplifiers from their harmonic distortion and efficiencies.

VLSI Question:

Find the estimated rise and fall time of 5-input NOR and NAND

What are the risks of a satellite-centric approach as against consumer-centric approach in the development of a competitive system?

what are the observations,errors,precautions and conclusion for DC cricuits-resistance and voltage measurements and omhs law experiments

Assume a transmission line with ZL = 65 + j40 Ω and Zo = 30 Ω. If the frequency of the line is 2GHz, use the Smith Chart to find: i) the reflection coefficient; ii) the distance to the first voltage maximum; iii) the voltage standing wave ratio; iv) the admittance of the load; v) the position of the short-circuited stub on the main line for a perfect impedance matching; vi) the length of the short-circuited stub. (Show all steps on the Smith chart)

Design a circuit that converts a sinusoidal wave with 480Vrms at 60Hz into a three-phase set of voltages with 400 Vrms (Phase voltage) at 50 Hz. Suppose that this circuit is loaded with a Y-connected RL- series load with R=50Ω and 50 mH per phase. Make sure that the output THD is less than 5%. Verify your results with simulations. Estimate the power output with simulations in simulink.

Write instruction(s) in C to get bits 4 and 7 of Port-C, then compute the “XOR (exclusive OR)” of these two bits and write the result of the “XOR operation” to bit 4 of Port-D.

Assume a medium with μ = μ0, ε = 3.2ε0 and a magnetic field intensity:

H = 7 exp(−x/3) cos(1010πt − βx)zˆ (Am−1).

Determine the corresponding: i) loss tangent; ii) wave length; iii) intrinsic impedance; iv) electric field intensity. How do the determined values differ compared to the corresponding ones in vacuum?

Assume a transmission line with ZL = 100 − j25 Ω and Z0 = 50 Ω. Using the smith chart, find i) the normalised load impedance; ii) the corresponding reflection coefficient; iii) the standing wave ratio; iv) the distance between the load and the first voltage maximum; v) the distance between the load and the first voltage minimum; vi) the normalised admittance;

vii) the input impedance at 0.2λ from the load. (Show all steps on the Smith chart)