What role do Alpha, Gamma, Beta and Theta waves play in wakefulness and sleep?

For each of the following nonbiological processes, state whether you think it is analogous to physiological positive feedback, negative feedback, or neither of these, and justify each answer: (a) the cruise control of a car maintaining a preset highway speed; (b) a flushed toilet tank refilling to its original resting level; (c) a magnifying glass focusing the sun’s rays and catching a piece of paper on fire; (d) a house fire in which heat from the flames ignites adjacent flammable material until, if unchecked, the whole house is consumed; (e) the increasingly loud howl of a loudspeaker as a band is setting up the sound stage for a concert and gets a microphone too close to the speaker.

You are an endurance runner taking part in the Marathon Des Sables, a notorious brutal ultramathon through the Saharan Desert where temperatures can reach 117 ^oF . During the race you get lost and stranded in the desert for some time before being rescued. Describe your body’s endocrine response from your time in the race up through your rescue. Assume upon rescue they gave you fluids and food. You must talk about at least 2 hormone systems.

Please Answer all 4 Questions:

1) Compare the functions of the small intestine and large intestine and suggest a reason the small intestine is so much longer than the large intestine?

2) Review the location of the parotid gland and explain why a person who has mumps will probably experience pain while eating?

3) If the gallbladder is surgically removed, what functions(s) will no longer be possible? How will this surgery affect the transport bile ?

4) Why do you think it is important that the epithelial cells lining the gastric pits secrete mucus onto the surface of the stomach wall?

Vinnie is a professional road cyclist participating in the 2020 Giro d’Italia, a three-week race nearly 3,600 km in distance with some stages exceeding altitudes of 2,700 m above sea level (i.e., Stelvio Pass, Italy). As the newly hired head of the high-performance team, it is your responsibility to manage his preparation for the event. You must demonstrate to your team a fundamental understanding of physiology, the chronic adaptations expected from his training, and methods that could be implemented to improve the likelihood of success.

Q5)

The longest leg of the race is 228 km, during which energy intake is critical. Glycolysis and β-oxidation are processes that break down carbohydrates (i.e., glucose, sucrose, fructose) and fatty acids, respectively.

1. Individually, what is the total ATP yield from one molecule of glucose and one molecule of palmitate?
2. How did you reach these numbers (i.e., substrate yield and use)?

Based on what you know about the yield and speed of these two pathways, do you recommend Vinnie ingest glucose or fatty acids during the race? (Hint, remember the cross-over concept)

Q6)

During a casual chat with a sport scientist from another team, they suggest preparing “finish bottles” for the longer legs of the race. Along with a dose of painkillers, a “finish bottle” typically contains an ergogenic dose of caffeine (i.e., approximately 3 to 5 mg·kg^-1of bodyweight).

1. As a sympathetic nervous system stimulant, what acute physiological changes will likely occur following caffeine ingestion at these doses?

Additionally, caffeine has a mild effect at mobilising free fatty acids. Please describe what is meant by mobilisation, and how this may influence performance

1. Describe differences between peripheral and central fatigue (6 marks = 3 differences for each)

2. Describe the difference between high frequency and low-frequency fatigue ?(6 marks = 3 differences for each)

3. Describe the role of inorganic phosphate in muscle fatigue

1. On a normal ECG, a wave for atrial repolarization is not recorded. Why?

a. No repolarization of the atria occurs normally.

b. It occurs at the same time as ventricular depolarization and is masked by the QRS complex.

c. It is too small to be picked up by the recording electrodes.

2. If the duration of one cardiac cycle is 0.71 seconds, what is the heart rate?

(68.2 BPM-92.5 BPM-78 BPM-84.5 BPM)

3. Pick the answer which best explains the lag time between the start of QRS and the start of the thumb pulse.

a. It is the time the blood takes to reach the thumb.

b. It is the time it takes for the ventricles to empty and the blood to reach the thumb.

c. It is the time which includes the duration of QRS, the contraction of the ventricles and the time it takes the blood to reach the thumb.

Participate (Post a New Message of at least 150 words.) by Day 5 in your assigned Discussion Group on each of the following topics:

What advice would you give to a senior that wants your help with learning how to snack healthier?

How would your FEV₁/FVC ratio be affected if your lips were not sealed on the mouthpiece during a test?

1) What is the molecular basis of the Long Q-T syndrome disease? (What is abnormal at the cellular, biochemical, or molecular level?

2) What is the genetic basis of Long Q-T syndrome?